{"doi":"10.17615/qz2s-ve86","title":"Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Findings from a Multisite Case-Control Study","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have reported associations between prenatal and early postnatal air pollution exposure and autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, findings differ by pollutant and developmental window. OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between early life exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) and ozone in association with ASD across multiple US regions. METHODS: Our study participants included 674 children with confirmed ASD and 855 population controls from the Study to Explore Early Development, a multi-site case-control study of children born from 2003 to 2006 in the United States. We used a satellite-based model to assign air pollutant exposure averages during several critical periods of neurodevelopment: 3 months before pregnancy; each trimester of pregnancy; the entire pregnancy; and the first year of life. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for study site, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal smoking, and month and year of birth. RESULTS: The air pollution-ASD associations appeared to vary by exposure time period. Ozone exposure during the third trimester was associated with ASD, with an OR of 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.4) per 6.6 ppb increase in ozone. We additionally observed a positive association with PM2.5 exposure during the first year of life (OR = 1.3 [95% CI: 1.0, 1.6] per 1.6 µg/m increase in PM2.5). CONCLUSIONS: Our study corroborates previous findings of a positive association between early life air pollution exposure and ASD, and identifies a potential critical window of exposure during the late prenatal and early postnatal periods.","journal":"UNC Libraries","year":2023,"id":387605,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8786,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":598392,"name":"Chyrise Bradley","orcid":"0000-0001-5264-4340","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":422038,"name":"Marilie D. Gammon","orcid":"0000-0002-1004-3106","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":363698,"name":"Amy E. Kalkbrenner","orcid":"0000-0002-3888-0539","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":238324,"name":"Qian Di","orcid":"0000-0002-1584-4770","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310258,"name":"Christine Ladd‐Acosta","orcid":"0000-0002-7697-3998","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":307596,"name":"Julie L. Daniels","orcid":"0000-0002-9658-3743","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275581,"name":"Lisa Croen","orcid":"0000-0001-7849-9428","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":592126,"name":"Kate Hoffman","orcid":"0000-0001-8029-7710","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":271555,"name":"Laura A. Schieve","orcid":"0000-0003-1215-0682","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289395,"name":"M. Daniele Fallin","orcid":"0000-0002-9948-3908","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":344876,"name":"David B. Richardson","orcid":"0000-0001-8550-0212","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":309527,"name":"Laura A. McGuinn","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":420721,"name":"Gayle C. Windham","orcid":"0000-0002-3882-8343","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":516740,"name":"Ana G. Rappold","orcid":"0000-0002-7696-0900","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":596292,"name":"Lucas Neas","orcid":"0000-0002-9377-8334","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":71914,"name":"Joel Schwartz","orcid":"0000-0001-6168-378X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:18:08.845494Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}