{"doi":"10.17615/m5gf-ha04","title":"In-Person Instruction and Educational Outcomes of K-8 Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic","abstract":"OBJECTIVES: Quantify the relationship between district policy permitting in-person instruction and educational outcomes during the 2020 to 2021 academic year for kindergarten through eighth grade students. METHODS: An ecological, repeated cross-sectional analysis of grade-level proficiency of students enrolled in public school districts in North Carolina (n = 115 school districts) was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association between the proportion of the school year a district spent in-person and 2020 to 2021 end-of-year student proficiency in the district. We then fit a multivariable linear regression model, weighted by district size, and adjusted for district-level 2018 to 2019 proficiency and district-level factors (rural or urban, area deprivation). RESULTS: Compared to 2018 to 2019, there was a 12.1% decrease (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.8-19.3) in mathematics and an 18.1% decrease (95% CI: 10.8-13.4) in reading proficiency across the state at the end of 2020 to 2021. Compared to a district that remained entirely remote for the 2020 to 2021 school year, a district offering full in-person instruction had 12% (95% CI: 11%-12.9%) and 4.1% (95% CI: 3.5%-4.8%) more students achieve grade-level proficiency in mathematics and reading, respectively. In-person instruction was associated with greater increases in mathematics proficiency than reading, and greater increases in elementary-level students' proficiency than middle school-level. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of students achieving grade-level proficiency in 2020 to 2021 fell below prepandemic levels at each evaluated time point in the academic year. Increased time spent in-person by a school district was associated with an increased proportion of students achieving grade-level end-of-grade proficiency in both mathematics and reading.","journal":"UNC Libraries","year":2024,"id":500337,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.69,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1134433,"name":"Jed Cockrell","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1349996,"name":"Kalu I.C.","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1349997,"name":"Brookhart M.A.","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1349998,"name":"Zimmerman K.O.","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1348175,"name":"Boutzoukas A.E.","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1349999,"name":"Muthukumar K. A","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1350000,"name":"Benjamin D.K.","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1350001,"name":"D'Agostino E.M.","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1350002,"name":"Kaye McKinzie","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1349684,"name":"Steven J. Armstrong","orcid":"0000-0003-4167-512X","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1072433,"name":"Jesse Hickerson","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1350003,"name":"Weber D.J.","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1134432,"name":"Mariam Abdelbarr","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1350004,"name":"Pak J.","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1349995,"name":"Uthappa D.M.","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:10:08.435215Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}