{"doi":"10.17615/7b4r-ae21","title":"A Novel Method for High-Dimensional Anatomical Mapping of Extra-Axial Cerebrospinal Fluid: Application to the Infant Brain","abstract":"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an essential role in early postnatal brain development. Extra-axial CSF (EA-CSF) volume, which is characterized by CSF in the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, is a promising marker in the early detection of young children at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Previous studies have focused on global EA-CSF volume across the entire dorsal extent of the brain, and not regionally-specific EA-CSF measurements, because no tools were previously available for extracting local EA-CSF measures suitable for localized cortical surface analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for the localized, cortical surface-based analysis of EA-CSF. The proposed processing framework combines probabilistic brain tissue segmentation, cortical surface reconstruction, and streamline-based local EA-CSF quantification. The quantitative analysis of local EA-CSF was applied to a dataset of typically developing infants with longitudinal MRI scans from 6 to 24 months of age. There was a high degree of consistency in the spatial patterns of local EA-CSF across age using the proposed methods. Statistical analysis of local EA-CSF revealed several novel findings: several regions of the cerebral cortex showed reductions in EA-CSF from 6 to 24 months of age, and specific regions showed higher local EA-CSF in males compared to females. These age-, sex-, and anatomically-specific patterns of local EA-CSF would not have been observed if only a global EA-CSF measure were utilized. The proposed methods are integrated into a freely available, open-source, cross-platform, user-friendly software tool, allowing neuroimaging labs to quantify local extra-axial CSF in their neuroimaging studies to investigate its role in typical and atypical brain development.","journal":"UNC Libraries","year":2021,"id":229919,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9437,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":770805,"name":"A.C. Evans","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":770793,"name":"A.M. Estes","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":770786,"name":"S.R. Dager","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":770794,"name":"K.N. Botteron","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":835384,"name":"J.B. Girault","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":803349,"name":"H.C. Hazlett","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":835385,"name":"M. Mostapha","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":523060,"name":"J. Piven","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":770788,"name":"R.C. McKinstry","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":523272,"name":"G. Gerig","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":835386,"name":"M.D. Shen","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":600075,"name":"M.A. Styner","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":770787,"name":"R.T. Schultz","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":835387,"name":"S.M. Pizer","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":59974,"name":"S.H. Kim","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:55:01.675482Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}