{"doi":"10.17615/5pzn-1n76","title":"A newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing a membrane-anchored spike as a cost-effective inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","abstract":"A successful severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine must not only be safe and protective, but must also meet the demand on a global scale at a low cost. Using the current influenza virus vaccine production capacity to manufacture an egg-based inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV)/SARS-CoV-2 vaccine would meet that challenge. Here, we report pre-clinical evaluations of an inactivated NDV chimera stably expressing the membrane-anchored form of the spike (NDV-S) as a potent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in mice and hamsters. The inactivated NDV-S vaccine was immunogenic, inducing strong binding and/or neutralizing antibodies in both animal models. More importantly, the inactivated NDV-S vaccine protected animals from SARS-CoV-2 infections. In the presence of an adjuvant, antigen-sparing could be achieved, which would further reduce the cost while maintaining the protective efficacy of the vaccine.","journal":"UNC Libraries","year":2021,"id":208070,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9606,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":794597,"name":"W.-C. Liu","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":590907,"name":"S.R. Leist","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":319365,"name":"R.S. Baric","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":794598,"name":"R.A. Albrecht","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":787624,"name":"A. García-Sastre","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":590887,"name":"A. Schäfer","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":787623,"name":"P. Palese","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":787626,"name":"F. Amanat","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":787627,"name":"S. McCroskery","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":787628,"name":"J. Oliva","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":787622,"name":"S. Slamanig","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":787621,"name":"F. Krammer","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":794599,"name":"B.L. Innis","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":787625,"name":"III Dinnon","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1887,"name":"Y. Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-3615-2332","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":26938,"name":"W. Sun","orcid":"0000-0003-4002-0199","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:51:53.662668Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}