{"doi":"10.1542/peds.2011-0372","title":"Prevalence, Patterns, and Persistence of Sleep Problems in the First 3 Years of Life","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:</jats:title><jats:p>Examine the prevalence, patterns, and persistence of parent-reported sleep problems during the first 3 years of life.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:</jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred fifty-nine mother/child pairs participated in a prospective birth cohort study. Sleep questionnaires were administered to mothers when children were 6, 12, 24, and 36 months old. Sleep variables included parent response to a nonspecific query about the presence/absence of a sleep problem and 8 specific sleep outcome domains: sleep onset latency, sleep maintenance, 24-hour sleep duration, daytime sleep/naps, sleep location, restlessness/vocalization, nightmares/night terrors, and snoring.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:</jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of a parent-reported sleep problem was 10% at all assessment intervals. Night wakings and shorter sleep duration were associated with a parent-reported sleep problem during infancy and early toddlerhood (6–24 months), whereas nightmares and restless sleep emerged as associations with report of a sleep problem in later developmental periods (24–36 months). Prolonged sleep latency was associated with parent report of a sleep problem throughout the study period. In contrast, napping, sleep location, and snoring were not associated with parent-reported sleep problems. Twenty-one percent of children with sleep problems in infancy (compared with 6% of those without) had sleep problems in the third year of life.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:</jats:title><jats:p>Ten percent of children are reported to have a sleep problem at any given point during early childhood, and these problems persist in a significant minority of children throughout early development. Parent response to a single-item nonspecific sleep query may overlook relevant sleep behaviors and symptoms associated with clinical morbidity.</jats:p></jats:sec>","journal":"Pediatrics","year":2012,"id":601998,"datarank":0.8494440720203921,"base_score":5.662960480135946,"endowment":5.662960480135946,"self_citation_contribution":0.8494440720203921,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8494440720203921,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":287,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":301982,"name":"Kimberly Yolton","orcid":"0000-0002-4458-0516","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1543745,"name":"Joseph Rausch","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1543746,"name":"Bruce Lanphear","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":397989,"name":"Dean W. Beebe","orcid":"0000-0001-5740-8769","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":528205,"name":"Kelly C. Byars","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Prevalence, Patterns, and Persistence of Sleep Problems in the First 3 Years of Life","abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:</jats:title><jats:p>Examine the prevalence, patterns, and persistence of parent-reported sleep problems during the first 3 years of life.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:</jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred fifty-nine mother/child pairs participated in a prospective birth cohort study. Sleep questionnaires were administered to mothers when children were 6, 12, 24, and 36 months old. Sleep variables included parent response to a nonspecific query about the presence/absence of a sleep problem and 8 specific sleep outcome domains: sleep onset latency, sleep maintenance, 24-hour sleep duration, daytime sleep/naps, sleep location, restlessness/vocalization, nightmares/night terrors, and snoring.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:</jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of a parent-reported sleep problem was 10% at all assessment intervals. Night wakings and shorter sleep duration were associated with a parent-reported sleep problem during infancy and early toddlerhood (6–24 months), whereas nightmares and restless sleep emerged as associations with report of a sleep problem in later developmental periods (24–36 months). Prolonged sleep latency was associated with parent report of a sleep problem throughout the study period. In contrast, napping, sleep location, and snoring were not associated with parent-reported sleep problems. Twenty-one percent of children with sleep problems in infancy (compared with 6% of those without) had sleep problems in the third year of life.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:</jats:title><jats:p>Ten percent of children are reported to have a sleep problem at any given point during early childhood, and these problems persist in a significant minority of children throughout early development. Parent response to a single-item nonspecific sleep query may overlook relevant sleep behaviors and symptoms associated with clinical morbidity.</jats:p></jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.662960480135946,"endowment":5.662960480135946,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"22218837","pmcid":"PMC3357046","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2152582902","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIEHS NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 ES015517","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIEHS NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 ES015517-01A1","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIEHS NIH HHS","grant_id":"P01 ES011261","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIEHS NIH HHS","grant_id":"P01 ES11261","title":null}],"total_grants":4,"fwci":10.4238,"citation_percentile":0.98511801,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":7},{"year":2013,"count":5},{"year":2014,"count":16},{"year":2015,"count":11},{"year":2016,"count":23},{"year":2017,"count":18},{"year":2018,"count":16},{"year":2019,"count":24},{"year":2020,"count":23},{"year":2021,"count":38},{"year":2022,"count":34},{"year":2023,"count":20},{"year":2024,"count":24},{"year":2025,"count":14},{"year":2026,"count":11}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/129/2/e276.full.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/129/2/e276.full.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/129/2/e276/1056901/peds_2011-0372.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0372","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22218837","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3357046","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Sleep and related disorders","Neuroscience of respiration and sleep","Infant Development and Preterm Care","Child, Preschool","Cross-Sectional Studies","Female","Follow-Up Studies","Humans","Incidence","Infant","Infant, Newborn","Male","Mass Screening","Prospective Studies","Sleep Apnea, Obstructive","Sleep Wake Disorders"],"mesh_terms":["Child, Preschool","Cross-Sectional Studies","Female","Follow-Up Studies","Humans","Infant","Infant, Newborn","Male","Mass Screening","Prospective Studies","Sleep Wake Disorders","Incidence","Sleep Apnea, Obstructive"],"keywords":["Sleep (system call)","Medicine","Sleep onset latency","Pediatrics","Sleep patterns","Sleep onset","Insomnia","Psychiatry","Electroencephalography"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-29T17:58:36.329337Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}