{"doi":"10.1542/peds.114.1.50","title":"Executive Functioning in School-Aged Children Who Were Born Very Preterm or With Extremely Low Birth Weight in the 1990s","abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To determine the frequency, nature, and severity of executive dysfunction (EDF) at 8 years of age in extremely low birth weight (ELBW)/very preterm infants who were born in the 1990s, compared with normal birth weight (NBW) control subjects.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. A geographically determined cohort study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. The ELBW/very preterm cohort comprised 298 consecutive survivors at 2 years of age who had gestational ages &amp;lt;28 completed weeks or birth weights &amp;lt;1000 g and were born during 1991-1992. The NBW cohort comprised 262 randomly selected children of birth weight &amp;gt;2499 g matched on date of birth, gender, ethnicity, and health insurance status. The participation rate was 92% (275 of 298) for the ELBW/very preterm cohort and 85% (223 of 262) for the NBW cohort. Cognitive and behavioral measures of executive functioning were administered.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. The ELBW/very preterm cohort exhibited significant EDF compared with their NBW peers in all areas assessed. The cognitive assessment revealed global impairment rather than deficits in specific executive domains. The ELBW/very preterm children also displayed more behavioral problems indicative of EDF than the NBW children. Severe impairments were exhibited in only a small minority of ELBW/very preterm children. No statistical conclusions were altered after adjustment for sociodemographic variables or when children with substantial neurosensory impairment were excluded.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. School-aged children who were born in the 1990s and were very preterm or had ELBW are at greater risk for developing EDF and require ongoing neuropsychological review throughout middle childhood.</jats:p>","journal":"Pediatrics","year":2004,"id":619707,"datarank":0.9109566801150609,"base_score":6.073044534100405,"endowment":6.073044534100405,"self_citation_contribution":0.9109566801150609,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.9109566801150609,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":433,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":307372,"name":"Lex W. Doyle","orcid":"0000-0002-7667-7312","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":307373,"name":"Peter J. Anderson","orcid":"0000-0001-7430-868X","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Executive Functioning in School-Aged Children Who Were Born Very Preterm or With Extremely Low Birth Weight in the 1990s","abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To determine the frequency, nature, and severity of executive dysfunction (EDF) at 8 years of age in extremely low birth weight (ELBW)/very preterm infants who were born in the 1990s, compared with normal birth weight (NBW) control subjects.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. A geographically determined cohort study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. The ELBW/very preterm cohort comprised 298 consecutive survivors at 2 years of age who had gestational ages &amp;lt;28 completed weeks or birth weights &amp;lt;1000 g and were born during 1991-1992. The NBW cohort comprised 262 randomly selected children of birth weight &amp;gt;2499 g matched on date of birth, gender, ethnicity, and health insurance status. The participation rate was 92% (275 of 298) for the ELBW/very preterm cohort and 85% (223 of 262) for the NBW cohort. Cognitive and behavioral measures of executive functioning were administered.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. The ELBW/very preterm cohort exhibited significant EDF compared with their NBW peers in all areas assessed. The cognitive assessment revealed global impairment rather than deficits in specific executive domains. The ELBW/very preterm children also displayed more behavioral problems indicative of EDF than the NBW children. Severe impairments were exhibited in only a small minority of ELBW/very preterm children. No statistical conclusions were altered after adjustment for sociodemographic variables or when children with substantial neurosensory impairment were excluded.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. School-aged children who were born in the 1990s and were very preterm or had ELBW are at greater risk for developing EDF and require ongoing neuropsychological review throughout middle childhood.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":6.073044534100405,"endowment":6.073044534100405,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"15231907","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1975207777","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":14.2412,"citation_percentile":0.98844024,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":26},{"year":2013,"count":28},{"year":2014,"count":36},{"year":2015,"count":23},{"year":2016,"count":24},{"year":2017,"count":22},{"year":2018,"count":30},{"year":2019,"count":19},{"year":2020,"count":10},{"year":2021,"count":14},{"year":2022,"count":9},{"year":2023,"count":7},{"year":2024,"count":12},{"year":2025,"count":8},{"year":2026,"count":7}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/114/1/50/1005994/zpe00704000050.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.50","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15231907","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Infant Development and Preterm Care","Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum","Child","Child Behavior Disorders","Cognition","Cognition Disorders","Cohort Studies","Developmental Disabilities","Female","Form Perception","Humans","Infant, Newborn","Infant, Premature","Infant, Very Low Birth Weight","Intelligence","Male","Memory","Neuropsychological Tests"],"mesh_terms":["Child","Child Behavior Disorders","Developmental Disabilities","Cognition","Cognition Disorders","Female","Form Perception","Humans","Infant, Newborn","Infant, Premature","Intelligence","Male","Memory","Neuropsychological Tests","Cohort Studies","Infant, Very Low Birth Weight"],"keywords":["Medicine","Cohort","Gestational age","Pediatrics","Low birth weight","Birth weight","Cohort study","Neuropsychology","Cognition","Pregnancy","Psychiatry","Internal medicine"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-03T08:10:40.481327Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}