{"doi":"10.1534/g3.119.401033","title":"Red Light/Green Light, a Dual Fluorescent Protein Reporter System To Study Enhancer-Promoter Specificity in <i>Drosophila</i>","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Enhancers activate gene transcription in spatial and temporal patterns by interactions with gene promoters. These elements typically reside distal to their target promoter, with which they must interact selectively. Additional elements may contribute to enhancer-promoter specificity, including remote control element sequences within enhancers, tethering elements near promoters, and insulator/boundary elements that disrupt off-target interactions. However, few of these elements have been mapped, and as a result, the mechanisms by which these elements interact remain poorly understood. One impediment is their method of study, namely reporter transgenes in which enhancers are placed adjacent to a heterologous promoter, which may circumvent mechanisms controlling enhancer-promoter specificity and long-range interactions. Here, we report an optimized dual reporter transgene system in Drosophila melanogaster that allows the simultaneous comparison of an enhancer’s ability to activate proximal and distal fluorescent reporter genes. Testing a panel of fluorescent transgenes in vivo, we found a two-protein combination that allows simultaneous measurement with minimal detection interference. We note differences among four tested enhancers in their ability to regulate a distally placed reporter transgene. These results suggest that enhancers differ in their requirements for promoter interaction and raise important practical considerations when studying enhancer function.</jats:p>","journal":"G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics","year":2020,"id":45965,"datarank":0.26650955712204666,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"self_citation_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citation_network_contribution":0.058565402954063046,"self_endowment_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citer_contribution":0.058565402954063046,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":3,"citers_with_citation_signal":3,"citers_with_endowment":3,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":213847,"name":"Micheal L Weinstein","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":213848,"name":"Mary P List","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":213849,"name":"Jordan E Vellky","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":213850,"name":"Mark Rebeiz","orcid":"0000-0001-5731-5570","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":213851,"name":"Thomas M Williams","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":213846,"name":"Eric M Camino","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"31900331","pmcid":"PMC7056976","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2997923825","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIH HHS","grant_id":"P40 OD018537","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"3P40OD018537-04S1","title":"Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center at Indiana University"}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":0.1668,"citation_percentile":0.48451214,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.g3journal.org/content/ggg/10/3/985.full.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.g3journal.org/content/ggg/10/3/985.full.pdf","host_type":"GOLD"},{"url":"https://www.g3journal.org/content/ggg/10/3/985.full.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://academic.oup.com/g3journal/article-pdf/10/3/985/37124366/g3journal0985.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.401033","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31900331","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/755284902fdf4ff79097927755fa6fdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7056976","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7056976","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7056976?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.401033","host_type":""},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.401033","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics","Animal Genetics and Reproduction","CRISPR and Genetic Engineering","Biology","Medicine","0301 basic medicine","0303 health sciences","03 medical and health sciences","Animals","Animals, Genetically Modified","Drosophila melanogaster","Enhancer Elements, Genetic","Female","Fluorescence","Genes, Reporter","Insect Proteins","Male","Promoter Regions, Genetic","Transgenes"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Drosophila melanogaster","Enhancer Elements, Genetic","Female","Fluorescence","Male","Promoter Regions, Genetic","Genes, Reporter","Transgenes","Insect Proteins","Animals, Genetically Modified"],"keywords":["Enhancer","Enhancer trap","Reporter gene","Transgene","Promoter","Biology","Drosophila melanogaster","Green fluorescent protein","Enhancer RNAs","Gene","Heterologous","Genetics","Cell biology","Transcription factor","Gene expression","Drosophila","Remote Control Element","Tethering Element","Male","QH426-470","Investigations","Fluorescence","Animals, Genetically Modified","Enhancer Elements, Genetic","Genes, Reporter","Animals","Insect Proteins","Female","Transgenes","Promoter Regions, Genetic"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":3,"sdg_label":"3. Good health"}],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.25387/g3.10299482.v1","title":"Supplemental Material for Camino et al., 2020","publisher":"GSA Journals","resource_type":"Image"},{"doi":"10.25387/g3.10299482","title":"Supplemental Material for Camino et al., 2020","publisher":"GSA Journals","resource_type":"Image"}],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T21:15:05.347516Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}