{"doi":"10.1523/jneurosci.4369-03.2004","title":"<i>FoxP2</i>\n                    Expression in Avian Vocal Learners and Non-Learners","abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Most vertebrates communicate acoustically, but few, among them humans, dolphins and whales, bats, and three orders of birds, learn this trait.\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2</jats:italic>\n                    is the first gene linked to human speech and has been the target of positive selection during recent primate evolution. To test whether the expression pattern of\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2</jats:italic>\n                    is consistent with a role in learned vocal communication, we cloned zebra finch\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    and its close relative\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP1</jats:italic>\n                    and compared mRNA and protein distribution in developing and adult brains of a variety of avian vocal learners and non-learners, and a crocodile. We found that the protein sequence of zebra finch FoxP2 is 98% identical with mouse and human FOXP2. In the avian and crocodilian forebrain,\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    was expressed predominantly in the striatum, a basal ganglia brain region affected in patients with\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2</jats:italic>\n                    mutations. Strikingly, in zebra finches, the striatal nucleus Area X, necessary for vocal learning, expressed more\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    than the surrounding tissue at post-hatch days 35 and 50, when vocal learning occurs. In adult canaries,\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    expression in Area X differed seasonally; more\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    expression was associated with times when song becomes unstable. In adult chickadees, strawberry finches, song sparrows, and Bengalese finches, Area X expressed\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    to different degrees. Non-telencephalic regions in both vocal learning and non-learning birds, and in crocodiles, were less variable in expression and comparable with regions that express\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2</jats:italic>\n                    in human and rodent brains. We conclude that differential expression of\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    in avian vocal learners might be associated with vocal plasticity.\n                  </jats:p>","journal":"The Journal of Neuroscience","year":2004,"id":687569,"datarank":0.8983442125334797,"base_score":5.988961416889864,"endowment":5.988961416889864,"self_citation_contribution":0.8983442125334797,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8983442125334797,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":398,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1695349,"name":"Kazuhiro Wada","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1796270,"name":"A. Nshdejan","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228733,"name":"Edward E. Morrisey","orcid":"0000-0001-5785-1939","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":689981,"name":"Thierry Lints","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1796271,"name":"Eric D. Jarvis","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":125360,"name":"Constance Scharff","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":614641,"name":"Sebastian Haesler","orcid":"0000-0003-4924-7381","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"<i>FoxP2</i>\n                    Expression in Avian Vocal Learners and Non-Learners","abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Most vertebrates communicate acoustically, but few, among them humans, dolphins and whales, bats, and three orders of birds, learn this trait.\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2</jats:italic>\n                    is the first gene linked to human speech and has been the target of positive selection during recent primate evolution. To test whether the expression pattern of\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2</jats:italic>\n                    is consistent with a role in learned vocal communication, we cloned zebra finch\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    and its close relative\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP1</jats:italic>\n                    and compared mRNA and protein distribution in developing and adult brains of a variety of avian vocal learners and non-learners, and a crocodile. We found that the protein sequence of zebra finch FoxP2 is 98% identical with mouse and human FOXP2. In the avian and crocodilian forebrain,\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    was expressed predominantly in the striatum, a basal ganglia brain region affected in patients with\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2</jats:italic>\n                    mutations. Strikingly, in zebra finches, the striatal nucleus Area X, necessary for vocal learning, expressed more\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    than the surrounding tissue at post-hatch days 35 and 50, when vocal learning occurs. In adult canaries,\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    expression in Area X differed seasonally; more\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    expression was associated with times when song becomes unstable. In adult chickadees, strawberry finches, song sparrows, and Bengalese finches, Area X expressed\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    to different degrees. Non-telencephalic regions in both vocal learning and non-learning birds, and in crocodiles, were less variable in expression and comparable with regions that express\n                    <jats:italic>FOXP2</jats:italic>\n                    in human and rodent brains. We conclude that differential expression of\n                    <jats:italic>FoxP2</jats:italic>\n                    in avian vocal learners might be associated with vocal plasticity.\n                  </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.988961416889864,"endowment":5.988961416889864,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"15056696","pmcid":"PMC6730012","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2166648354","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":15.93,"citation_percentile":0.99897855,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":26},{"year":2013,"count":30},{"year":2014,"count":23},{"year":2015,"count":22},{"year":2016,"count":18},{"year":2017,"count":19},{"year":2018,"count":12},{"year":2019,"count":12},{"year":2020,"count":10},{"year":2021,"count":13},{"year":2022,"count":5},{"year":2023,"count":8},{"year":2024,"count":17},{"year":2025,"count":5},{"year":2026,"count":5}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/24/13/3164.full.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/24/13/3164.full.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4369-03.2004","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4369-03.2004","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15056696","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6730012","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","Marine animal studies overview","Animal Behavior and Reproduction","Alligators and Crocodiles","Animals","Birds","Brain","Cloning, Molecular","Cues","Forkhead Transcription Factors","In Situ Hybridization","Learning","Male","Molecular Sequence Data","Molecular Weight","Neuronal Plasticity","Neurons","Protein Isoforms","Repressor Proteins","Species Specificity","Transcription Factors","Vocalization, Animal"],"mesh_terms":["Alligators and Crocodiles","Animals","Birds","Brain","Cloning, Molecular","Cues","Learning","Male","Molecular Sequence Data","Molecular Weight","Neuronal Plasticity","Neurons","Repressor Proteins","Species Specificity","Transcription Factors","Vocalization, Animal","In Situ Hybridization","Protein Isoforms","Forkhead Transcription Factors"],"keywords":["FOXP2","Zebra finch","Vocal learning","Songbird","Forebrain","Biology","Basal ganglia","Auditory feedback","Striatum","Neuroscience","Gene","Genetics","Central nervous system"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Life below water"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"gen"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-18T22:15:21.596065Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}