{"doi":"10.15212/bioi-2025-0169","title":"Digestive System Toxicities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications","abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved remarkable efficacy in treating malignancies but may simultaneously induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs), among which ICI-related digestive system adverse events (ir-DSAEs) occur with relatively high frequency and present severe clinical manifestations. This review systematically examined ir-DSAEs, including clinical presentations, pathogenic mechanisms, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies. It has been reported that ir-DSAEs primarily include colitis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis with underlying mechanisms involving T cell-mediated inflammatory responses, cytokine storm, activation of autoimmune reactions, and alterations in gut microbiota. The diagnosis of ir-DSAEs requires integration of multiple approaches. Standardized therapeutic strategies include treatment regimen adjustments, corticosteroid administration, use of selective immunosuppressants, and comprehensive supportive care. An in-depth understanding of ir-DSAEs has significant clinical implications for enhancing the safety and efficacy of ICI therapy, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for future precise prediction, prevention, and treatment of ir-DSAEs.</jats:p>","journal":"BIO Integration","year":2026,"id":613341,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1580078,"name":"Qiliang Huang","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":351484,"name":"Jian Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-3838-7389","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1360979,"name":"Peng Luo","orcid":"0000-0002-8215-2045","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1521263,"name":"Anqi Lin","orcid":"0000-0002-6324-0410","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Digestive System Toxicities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications","abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved remarkable efficacy in treating malignancies but may simultaneously induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs), among which ICI-related digestive system adverse events (ir-DSAEs) occur with relatively high frequency and present severe clinical manifestations. This review systematically examined ir-DSAEs, including clinical presentations, pathogenic mechanisms, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies. It has been reported that ir-DSAEs primarily include colitis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis with underlying mechanisms involving T cell-mediated inflammatory responses, cytokine storm, activation of autoimmune reactions, and alterations in gut microbiota. The diagnosis of ir-DSAEs requires integration of multiple approaches. Standardized therapeutic strategies include treatment regimen adjustments, corticosteroid administration, use of selective immunosuppressants, and comprehensive supportive care. An in-depth understanding of ir-DSAEs has significant clinical implications for enhancing the safety and efficacy of ICI therapy, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for future precise prediction, prevention, and treatment of ir-DSAEs.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"21097893","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W7119466453","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":5.2385,"citation_percentile":0.89654943,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.scienceopen.com/document_file/19f4cefd-b34a-4d5c-9e7d-e56b86164d03/ScienceOpen/bioi20250169.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://www.scienceopen.com/document_file/19f4cefd-b34a-4d5c-9e7d-e56b86164d03/ScienceOpen/bioi20250169.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://scienceopen.com/document_file/19f4cefd-b34a-4d5c-9e7d-e56b86164d03/ScienceOpen/bioi20250169.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.15212/bioi-2025-0169","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15212/bioi-2025-0169","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies","Gastric Cancer Management and Outcomes"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Adverse effect","Immune system","Disease","Cytokine release syndrome","Regimen","Immunotherapy","Autoimmune disease","Pancreatitis","CTLA-4"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-02T07:43:56.412632Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}