{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0307105","title":"Proximal and distant expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) correlate with neurological deficit following experimental ischemic stroke","abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background and purpose</jats:title>\n<jats:p>Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has emerged as a promising biomarker in cerebro-cardiovascular disease, particularly in acute and chronic inflammatory stress situations. However, understanding the origins, targets and functions of GDF15 in clinical situations, such as ischemic stroke, remains a complex challenge. This study aims to assess the sources of GDF15 production following an experimental ischemic stroke.</jats:p>\n</jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n<jats:p>Adult male Wistar rats underwent cerebral embolization through microspheres injection into the left or right internal carotid artery. Two hours post-surgery, GDF15 expression was analyzed in the brain, blood, lungs, liver and heart using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting.</jats:p>\n</jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n<jats:p>Stroke model induced large cerebral infarcts accompanied by severe neurological deficits. GDF15 gene expression exhibited a substantial increase in the ipsilateral cortex and cerebellum, with a lesser extent in the contralateral cortex. Regarding GDF15 protein expression, proGDF15 levels were elevated in the 3 aforementioned organs mentioned and the heart. However, the mature form of GDF15 was exclusively present and increased in the heart. Finally, the expression of GDF15 expression was correlated with the neurological deficit score.</jats:p>\n</jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings suggest that both the GDF15 gene and pro-protein are expressed in the ischemic brain after a stroke, while only its mature form is expressed remotely in in the heart. The impact of increased GDF15 in the heart following a stroke remains to be established. This is particularly relevant in understanding its relationships with poor neurological outcomes, determining whether it may contribute to stroke-induced cardiac dysfunction.</jats:p>\n</jats:sec>","journal":"PLOS ONE","year":2024,"id":650364,"datarank":0.31191623125197543,"base_score":2.0794415416798357,"endowment":2.0794415416798357,"self_citation_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1695778,"name":"Geoffrey Dogon","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1695779,"name":"Eve Rigal","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1695780,"name":"Luc Rochette","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1695781,"name":"Yannick Bejot","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1695782,"name":"Catherine Vergely","orcid":"0000-0003-4009-776X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1695776,"name":"Alexandre Méloux","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Proximal and distant expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) correlate with neurological deficit following experimental ischemic stroke","abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background and purpose</jats:title>\n<jats:p>Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has emerged as a promising biomarker in cerebro-cardiovascular disease, particularly in acute and chronic inflammatory stress situations. However, understanding the origins, targets and functions of GDF15 in clinical situations, such as ischemic stroke, remains a complex challenge. This study aims to assess the sources of GDF15 production following an experimental ischemic stroke.</jats:p>\n</jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n<jats:p>Adult male Wistar rats underwent cerebral embolization through microspheres injection into the left or right internal carotid artery. Two hours post-surgery, GDF15 expression was analyzed in the brain, blood, lungs, liver and heart using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting.</jats:p>\n</jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n<jats:p>Stroke model induced large cerebral infarcts accompanied by severe neurological deficits. GDF15 gene expression exhibited a substantial increase in the ipsilateral cortex and cerebellum, with a lesser extent in the contralateral cortex. Regarding GDF15 protein expression, proGDF15 levels were elevated in the 3 aforementioned organs mentioned and the heart. However, the mature form of GDF15 was exclusively present and increased in the heart. Finally, the expression of GDF15 expression was correlated with the neurological deficit score.</jats:p>\n</jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings suggest that both the GDF15 gene and pro-protein are expressed in the ischemic brain after a stroke, while only its mature form is expressed remotely in in the heart. The impact of increased GDF15 in the heart following a stroke remains to be established. This is particularly relevant in understanding its relationships with poor neurological outcomes, determining whether it may contribute to stroke-induced cardiac dysfunction.</jats:p>\n</jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.0794415416798357,"endowment":2.0794415416798357,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"39008451","pmcid":"PMC11249225","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4400649326","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Association Bourguignonne de Cardiologie","grant_id":"","title":null},{"funder_name":"ministère de l&apos;enseignement superieur et de la recherche, FR","grant_id":"","title":null},{"funder_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche, FR","grant_id":"","title":null},{"funder_name":"Conseil régional de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté","grant_id":"","title":null},{"funder_name":"University hospital Dijon, FR","grant_id":"","title":null}],"total_grants":5,"fwci":2.2941,"citation_percentile":0.8835016,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2024,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":3},{"year":2026,"count":3}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307105","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307105","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307105","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39008451","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://hal.science/hal-04956889","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11249225","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://hal.science/hal-04771567","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/b94ec1ed29aa4d049157d51c7c6d683f","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://hal.science/hal-04956889v1/document","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11249225/pdf/pone.0307105.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11249225","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11249225?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["GDF15 and Related Biomarkers","Coenzyme Q10 studies and effects","Muscle Physiology and Disorders","Medicine","Growth Differentiation Factor 15","Animals","Male","Rats, Wistar","Rats","Ischemic Stroke","Disease Models, Animal","Brain","Myocardium","Stroke"],"mesh_terms":["Ischemic Stroke","Animals","Brain","Disease Models, Animal","Male","Myocardium","Rats, Wistar","Stroke","Rats","Growth Differentiation Factor 15"],"keywords":["GDF15","Ischemic stroke","Biomarker","Stroke (engine)","Neurological deficit","Medicine","Disease","Internal medicine","Cardiology","Neuroscience","Ischemia","Psychology","Biology","Surgery"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-10T05:21:20.810062Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}