{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0276131","title":"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with menstrual irregularities among women of reproductive age","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Biological and psychological mechanisms may be responsible for menstrual irregularities occurring among women during the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN: From January 2019 to September 2021, women (18- to 45-years-old and not using hormonal contraception) were recruited in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Cross-sectional, self-report surveys collected data on menstrual irregularities, COVID-19 vaccination, stress, depression, and loneliness. A EUA approved rapid test assay using whole blood measured SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests described menstrual irregularities among women recruited before versus after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and with detectable versus undetectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. A logistic regression examined the relationship between the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and menstrual irregularities controlling for age, stress, depression, and loneliness. RESULTS: Among 182 women enrolled, 73 were enrolled after pandemic onset, and 36 provided vaccination data. Having detectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was associated with a higher percentage of menstrual irregularities among unvaccinated women (0% vs. 39%, p = .026) and among all women regardless of vaccination status (31% vs. 5%; p = .005). Adjusting for age and psychological variables, the odds of menstrual irregularities were 7.03 times (95% CI [1.39, 35.60]; p = .019) higher among women with detectable antibodies compared to women without detectable antibodies. Neither enrollment date, age, nor psychological factors were associated to menstrual irregularities. CONCLUSIONS: Biological mechanisms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be responsible for irregular menstruation and should be further examined to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's health.","journal":"PLoS ONE","year":2022,"id":249572,"datarank":0.5050943744979712,"base_score":3.367295829986474,"endowment":3.367295829986474,"self_citation_contribution":0.5050943744979712,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5050943744979712,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":28,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8437,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":489801,"name":"Ana S. Salazar","orcid":"0000-0001-5617-5609","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":890956,"name":"Nicholas Fonseca Nogueira","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":737178,"name":"Patricia Raccamarich","orcid":"0000-0003-1347-5083","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":535112,"name":"Violeta J. Rodriguez","orcid":"0000-0001-8543-2061","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":408637,"name":"Alejandro Mantero","orcid":"0000-0001-8462-9487","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":890307,"name":"Allison Marsh","orcid":"0000-0003-1623-7857","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":890957,"name":"Sophia Gerard","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":688524,"name":"Marissa Maddalon","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":391094,"name":"Deborah L. Jones","orcid":"0000-0002-4106-8891","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":332551,"name":"Nichole R. Klatt","orcid":"0000-0003-2968-5480","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":409544,"name":"María L. Alcaide","orcid":"0000-0003-4648-0145","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":735011,"name":"Emily M. Cherenack","orcid":"0000-0002-8762-2050","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":51,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:24:23.754337Z","pmid":"36288342","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}