{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0261979","title":"Durable T-cellular and humoral responses in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized and community patients","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Neutralizing antibodies are important for protection against the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus, and long-term memory responses determine the risk of re-infection or boosting after vaccination. T-cellular responses are considered important for partial protection against novel variants of concern. METHODS: A prospective cohort of hospitalized (n = 14) and community (n = 38) patients with rt-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. Blood samples and clinical data were collected when diagnosed and at 6 months. Serum samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2-spike specific antibodies using ELISA (IgG, IgA, IgM), pseudotype neutralization and microneutralization assays. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were investigated for virus-specific T-cell responses in the interferon-γ and interleukin-2 fluorescent-linked immunosorbent spot (FluroSpot) assay. RESULTS: We found durable SARS-CoV-2 spike- and internal protein specific T-cellular responses in patients with persistent antibodies at 6 months. Significantly higher IL-2 and IFN-γ secreting T-cell responses as well as SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies were detected in hospitalized compared to community patients. The immune response was impacted by age, gender, comorbidity and severity of illness, reflecting clinical observations. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cellular and antibody responses persisted for 6 months post confirmed infection. In previously infected patients, re-exposure or vaccination will boost long-term immunity, possibly providing protection against re-infection with variant viruses.","journal":"PLoS ONE","year":2022,"id":269483,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":15,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9368,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":932627,"name":"Geir Bredholt","orcid":"0000-0002-8953-8821","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866458,"name":"Fan Zhou","orcid":"0000-0001-9918-3422","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":932628,"name":"Anders Madsen","orcid":"0000-0002-0626-5443","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":933210,"name":"Therese Bredholt Onyango","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":932629,"name":"Elisabeth Berg Fjelltveit","orcid":"0000-0001-8848-0325","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":933211,"name":"Sarah Lartey Jalloh","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":932630,"name":"Karl A. Brokstad","orcid":"0000-0003-0593-2731","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":932631,"name":"Diego Cantoni","orcid":"0000-0001-8527-7719","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":854814,"name":"Martin Mayora Neto","orcid":"0000-0002-5331-5554","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":614688,"name":"Nigel Temperton","orcid":"0000-0002-7978-3815","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":4656,"name":"Nina Langeland","orcid":"0000-0003-0278-1616","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":866464,"name":"Rebecca Jane Cox","orcid":"0000-0002-8341-4078","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":932626,"name":"Kristin Greve-Isdahl Mohn","orcid":"0000-0002-3249-1719","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":62,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:27:22.602796Z","pmid":"35192617","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}