{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0245064","title":"Racial and geographic variation in effects of maternal education and neighborhood-level measures of socioeconomic status on gestational age at birth: Findings from the ECHO cohorts","abstract":"Preterm birth occurs at excessively high and disparate rates in the United States. In 2016, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program to investigate the influence of early life exposures on child health. Extant data from the ECHO cohorts provides the opportunity to examine racial and geographic variation in effects of individual- and neighborhood-level markers of socioeconomic status (SES) on gestational age at birth. The objective of this study was to examine the association between individual-level (maternal education) and neighborhood-level markers of SES and gestational age at birth, stratifying by maternal race/ethnicity, and whether any such associations are modified by US geographic region. Twenty-six ECHO cohorts representing 25,526 mother-infant pairs contributed to this disseminated meta-analysis that investigated the effect of maternal prenatal level of education (high school diploma, GED, or less; some college, associate's degree, vocational or technical training [reference category]; bachelor's degree, graduate school, or professional degree) and neighborhood-level markers of SES (census tract [CT] urbanicity, percentage of black population in CT, percentage of population below the federal poverty level in CT) on gestational age at birth (categorized as preterm, early term, full term [the reference category], late, and post term) according to maternal race/ethnicity and US region. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Cohort-specific results were meta-analyzed using a random effects model. For women overall, a bachelor's degree or above, compared with some college, was associated with a significantly decreased odds of preterm birth (aOR 0.72; 95% CI: 0.61-0.86), whereas a high school education or less was associated with an increased odds of early term birth (aOR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00-1.21). When stratifying by maternal race/ethnicity, there were no significant associations between maternal education and gestational age at birth among women of racial/ethnic groups other than non-Hispanic white. Among non-Hispanic white women, a bachelor's degree or above was likewise associated with a significantly decreased odds of preterm birth (aOR 0.74 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.94) as well as a decreased odds of early term birth (aOR 0.84 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.95). The association between maternal education and gestational age at birth varied according to US region, with higher levels of maternal education associated with a significantly decreased odds of preterm birth in the Midwest and South but not in the Northeast and West. Non-Hispanic white women residing in rural compared to urban CTs had an increased odds of preterm birth; the ability to detect associations between neighborhood-level measures of SES and gestational age for other race/ethnic groups was limited due to small sample sizes within select strata. Interventions that promote higher educational attainment among women of reproductive age could contribute to a reduction in preterm birth, particularly in the US South and Midwest. Further individual-level analyses engaging a diverse set of cohorts are needed to disentangle the complex interrelationships among maternal education, neighborhood-level factors, exposures across the life course, and gestational age at birth outcomes by maternal race/ethnicity and US geography.","journal":"PLoS ONE","year":2021,"id":166510,"datarank":1.5487708325188492,"base_score":3.5263605246161616,"endowment":3.5263605246161616,"self_citation_contribution":0.5289540786924243,"citation_network_contribution":1.019816753826425,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5289540786924243,"citer_contribution":1.019816753826425,"corpus_percentile":86.60168639282122,"corpus_rank":1733,"citation_count":33,"citer_count":25,"citers_with_citation_signal":20,"citers_with_endowment":20,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5406,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":4.1667,"fair_percentile":4.891470498318557,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":692215,"name":"Alicynne Glazier Essalmi","orcid":"0000-0002-5441-1556","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":693044,"name":"Lyndsay Alvalos","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":278838,"name":"Carrie V. Breton","orcid":"0000-0002-6082-4066","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242827,"name":"Carlos A. Camargo","orcid":"0000-0002-5071-7654","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":340250,"name":"Whitney Cowell","orcid":"0000-0002-1824-3356","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":249641,"name":"Dana Dabelea","orcid":"0000-0001-9514-8929","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":332285,"name":"Stephen R. Dager","orcid":"0000-0002-4034-6087","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275847,"name":"Cristiane S. Duarte","orcid":"0000-0001-7214-4255","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275846,"name":"Amy Elliott","orcid":"0000-0003-0608-8931","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310777,"name":"Raina N. Fichorova","orcid":"0000-0002-9980-5735","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":110411,"name":"James E. Gern","orcid":"0000-0002-6667-4708","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":322969,"name":"Monique M. Hedderson","orcid":"0000-0003-1768-0412","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":693045,"name":"Elizabeth Hom Thepaksorn","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":315564,"name":"Kathi Huddleston","orcid":"0000-0002-6068-4489","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":48177,"name":"MARGARET R. KARAGAS","orcid":"0000-0002-6398-7362","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":345361,"name":"Ken Kleinman","orcid":"0000-0002-5600-5834","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275845,"name":"Leslie D. Leve","orcid":"0000-0003-3061-4524","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":692216,"name":"Ximin Li","orcid":"0000-0002-0460-6515","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":692217,"name":"Yijun Li","orcid":"0000-0002-7251-2000","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":252193,"name":"Augusto A. Litonjua","orcid":"0000-0003-0422-5875","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":349793,"name":"Yunin Ludena‐Rodriguez","orcid":null,"position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":322640,"name":"Juliette C. Madan","orcid":"0000-0003-0542-1368","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":692218,"name":"Julio Mateus","orcid":"0000-0001-6886-4807","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":693046,"name":"Cynthia McEvoy","orcid":null,"position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":271737,"name":"Thomas G. O’Connor","orcid":"0000-0002-8590-5057","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298302,"name":"Amy Padula","orcid":"0000-0003-1435-4814","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":7713,"name":"Nigel Paneth","orcid":"0000-0002-0151-966X","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":302215,"name":"Frederica P. Perera","orcid":"0000-0002-1364-9250","position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":325493,"name":"Sheela Sathyanarayana","orcid":"0000-0002-1480-0397","position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":288819,"name":"Rebecca J. Schmidt","orcid":"0000-0003-1582-2747","position":30,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":332289,"name":"Robert T. Schultz","orcid":"0000-0001-9817-3425","position":31,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":356109,"name":"Jessica Snowden","orcid":"0000-0002-0715-151X","position":32,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":495874,"name":"Joseph B. Stanford","orcid":"0000-0002-9932-3947","position":33,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23302,"name":"Leonardo Trasande","orcid":"0000-0002-1928-597X","position":34,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275577,"name":"Heather E. Volk","orcid":"0000-0002-5415-2494","position":35,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":693047,"name":"William Wheaton","orcid":null,"position":36,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275585,"name":"Rosalind J. Wright","orcid":"0000-0002-4262-2807","position":37,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":693048,"name":"Monica McGrath","orcid":null,"position":38,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":635650,"name":"on behalf of program collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes","orcid":null,"position":39,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292675,"name":"Anne L. Dunlop","orcid":"0000-0002-5092-8136","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":80,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:45:49.644768Z","pmid":"33418560","pmcid":"PMC7794036","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":11.1111,"fair_a":0.0,"fair_i":0.0,"fair_r":16.6667,"fair_zscore":-1.1986,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":4.17,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":11.11,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No persistent identifier scheme string is given for the study's own metadata dataset.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No repository name is given; the data are held by the ECHO Data Analysis Center accessible via email. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Data Availability For this disseminated meta-analysis, only metadata from the participating cohorts was received by the ECHO Data Analysis Center (DAC); no individual-level data was received. Per ECHO policies, individuals requesting to use the metadata should contact ECHO-DAC@rti.org","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to contacting an individual/email, falling under Colavizza category 1 (available on request).","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"We used the categorical variable of maternal level of education as the main individual-level measure of SES... and neighborhood-level markers of SES (census tract [CT] urbanicity, percentage of black population in CT, percentage of population below the federal poverty level in CT)","grounded":false,"rationale":"The dataset's content is described in running prose, not in an itemised inventory. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No identifier for the dataset appears in the reference list or body text.","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Data Availability For this disseminated meta-analysis, only metadata from the participating cohorts was received by the ECHO Data Analysis Center (DAC); no individual-level data was received. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The data are not identified as sensitive or human-subject; no gatekeeper is named.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No statement about persistence or availability timing is given for the metadata.","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format is named for the released metadata dataset.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No named data or metadata community standard is applied to the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No identifier for any external resource that the data depend on is provided.","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":16.67,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No license is attached to the data; the article's CC BY license does not apply to the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No specific instruments, kits, or software used to generate the original data are named; only analysis software is mentioned. 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A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No persistent identifier scheme string is given for the study's own metadata dataset.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. 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For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"Data Availability For this disseminated meta-analysis, only metadata from the participating cohorts was received by the ECHO Data Analysis Center (DAC); no individual-level data was received. Per ECHO policies, individuals requesting to use the metadata should contact ECHO-DAC@rti.org","why":"The only access route is a discretionary request to an email address, not a defined followable process.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 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Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"We used the categorical variable of maternal level of education as the main individual-level measure of SES... and neighborhood-level markers of SES (census tract [CT] urbanicity, percentage of black population in CT, percentage of population below the federal poverty level in CT)","why":"The dataset's content is described in running prose, not in an itemised inventory. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No access-level label is applied to the data; the data availability statement only describes a contact route. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In clinical / human-subjects, describe the data with OMOP CDM, CDISC SDTM or HL7 FHIR.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No named data or metadata community standard is applied to the data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","dimension":"R","label":"Provenance of the data","action":"Name the instruments, kits, and software — with versions — that produced the data, not just the verbs. 'Reads were aligned' is not provenance; 'aligned with STAR v2.7.9a to GRCh38' is, because someone else can rerun it.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No specific instruments, kits, or software used to generate the original data are named; only analysis software is mentioned. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"S1 Table Data dictionary.","why":"A data dictionary is provided as supplementary material, which is a documentation object inside the article.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data. For sensitive/human clinical / human-subjects data, use a controlled-access repository such as dbGaP or EGA.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The data are not identified as sensitive or human-subject; no gatekeeper is named.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No identifier for any external resource that the data depend on is provided.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No statement about persistence or availability timing is given for the metadata.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:32:48.480015Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}