{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0228323","title":"Human milk oligosaccharide 2’-fucosyllactose links feedings at 1 month to cognitive development at 24 months in infants of normal and overweight mothers","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Infant cognitive development is influenced by maternal factors that range from obesity to early feeding and breast milk composition. Animal studies suggest a role for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), on learning and memory, yet no human studies have examined its impact on infant cognitive development relative to other HMOs and maternal factors. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of 2'FL from breast milk feeding on infant cognitive development at 24 months of age relative to maternal obesity and breast milk feeding frequency. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Hispanic mother-infant pairs (N = 50) were recruited across the spectrum of pre-pregnancy BMI. Breast milk was collected at 1 and 6 months, and feedings/day were reported. Nineteen HMOs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, with initial interest in 2'FL. Infant cognitive development score was assessed with the Bayley-III Scale at 24 months. Linear regressions were used for prediction, and bootstrapping to determine mediation by 2'FL. RESULTS: Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was not related to feedings/day or HMOs, but predicted poorer infant cognitive development (β = -0.31, P = 0.03). Feedings/day (β = 0.34) and 2'FL (β = 0.59) at 1 month predicted better infant cognitive development (both P≤ 0.01). The association of feedings/day with infant cognitive development was no longer significant after further adjustment for 2'FL (estimated mediation effect = 0.13, P = 0.04). There were no associations of feedings/day and 2'FL at 6 months with infant cognitive development. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that maternal factors influence infant cognitive development through multiple means. Though maternal obesity may be a separate negative influence, greater frequency of breast milk feeding at 1 month contributed to infant cognitive development through greater exposure to 2'FL relative to other HMOs. The influence of 2'FL was not significant at 6 months, indicating that early exposure to 2'FL may be a critical temporal window for positively influencing infant cognitive development.","journal":"PLoS ONE","year":2020,"id":51083,"datarank":0.7703697655575394,"base_score":5.135798437050262,"endowment":5.135798437050262,"self_citation_contribution":0.7703697655575394,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7703697655575394,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":169,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9523,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":254143,"name":"Jasmine F. Plows","orcid":"0000-0002-1421-3387","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":247725,"name":"Roshonda B. Jones","orcid":"0000-0003-1637-3517","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":247729,"name":"Tanya L. Alderete","orcid":"0000-0002-7751-9543","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254144,"name":"Chloe Yonemitsu","orcid":"0000-0002-8729-8094","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":256843,"name":"Marie Kanne Poulsen","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254145,"name":"Ji Hoon Ryoo","orcid":"0000-0001-7546-6911","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254146,"name":"Bradley S. Peterson","orcid":"0000-0001-5737-225X","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240567,"name":"Lars Bode","orcid":"0000-0002-9914-9571","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254147,"name":"Michael I. Goran","orcid":"0000-0002-6897-6961","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254142,"name":"Paige K. Berger","orcid":"0000-0003-1670-5147","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":46,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T20:40:28.278215Z","pmid":"32049968","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}