{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0129247","title":"Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV-1 Coinfection in Two Informal Urban Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya","abstract":null,"journal":"PLOS ONE","year":2015,"id":605902,"datarank":0.6166310796259968,"base_score":4.110873864173311,"endowment":4.110873864173311,"self_citation_contribution":0.6166310796259968,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6166310796259968,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":60,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":916555,"name":"Samoel Khamadi","orcid":"0000-0003-3050-5977","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1555209,"name":"Vincent Okoth","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":413486,"name":"Nyovani Madise","orcid":"0000-0002-2813-5295","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1312641,"name":"Alex Ezeh","orcid":"0000-0002-1309-4697","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1555212,"name":"Ziraba Abdalla","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1545189,"name":"Matilu Mwau","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1555198,"name":"Glennah Kerubo","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV-1 Coinfection in Two Informal Urban Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya","abstract":"BACKGROUND: HIV-1 and Hepatitis B and C viruses coinfection is common in Sub-Saharan Africa due to similar routes of transmission and high levels of poverty. Most studies on HIV-1 and Hepatitis B and C viruses have occurred in hospital settings and blood transfusion units. Data on Hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV-1 coinfection in informal urban settlements in Kenya are scanty, yet they could partly explain the disproportionately high morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infections in these slums. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis B and C dual infection in urban slums in Nairobi. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from residents of Viwandani and Korogocho between 2006 and 2007. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic data from participants. Samples were screened for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV and anti-HIV-1. Statistical analysis was done using STATA. RESULTS: Samples were successfully collected from 418 (32%) men and 890 (68%) females. The HIV-1, HBV and HCV prevalence was 20.4%, 13.3% and 0.76% respectively at the time of the study. Of the 268 (20.4%) HIV-1 positive participants, 56 (4.26%) had HBV while 6 (0.46%) had HCV. Of the 1041 HIV-1 negative participants, 117 (8.9%) had HBV while 4 (0.31%) had HCV. Only two people (0.15%) were co-infected with all the three viruses together. DISCUSSION: The odds of getting hepatitis infection were higher in HIV-1 participants (for HBV OR 2.08,p<0.005 and for HCV OR 5.93, p<0.005). HIV prevalence rates were similar in both informal settlements. HIV infection was highest in age group 35-39 years and among the divorced/separated or widowed. Prevalence of all viruses was highest in those who did not have any formal education. CONCLUSION: The HIV prevalence in these informal settlements suggests a higher rate than what is observed nationally. The prevalence rates of HBV are significantly higher in the HIV-1 positive and negative populations. HCV as well as triple HIV-1, HBV and HCV coinfection are uncommon in Korogocho and Viwandani. This clearly indicates the need for HIV-1 control programmes and hepatitis B virus vaccination to be promoted through public awareness as preventive strategy.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.110873864173311,"endowment":4.110873864173311,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"26068212","pmcid":"PMC4466314","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1574979962","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":2.7862,"citation_percentile":0.90286052,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2015,"count":1},{"year":2016,"count":6},{"year":2017,"count":4},{"year":2018,"count":2},{"year":2019,"count":2},{"year":2020,"count":4},{"year":2021,"count":8},{"year":2022,"count":8},{"year":2023,"count":4},{"year":2024,"count":14},{"year":2025,"count":5},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0129247&type=printable","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0129247&type=printable","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129247","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129247","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26068212","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/a39d7d91f80f4208a571e256172f43c1","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4466314","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4466314","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4466314?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Hepatitis B Virus Studies","HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","HIV/AIDS oral health manifestations"],"mesh_terms":["Adult","Female","Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","HIV Seropositivity","Humans","Kenya","Male","Middle Aged","Urban Population","HIV-1","Coinfection"],"keywords":["Coinfection","HBsAg","Medicine","Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","Transmission (telecommunications)","Virology","Hepatitis","Immunology","Hepatitis B virus","Environmental health","Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","Virus"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"No poverty"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-30T03:28:08.649254Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}