{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0106014","title":"Localization and Functional Characterization of a Novel Adipokinetic Hormone in the Mollusk, Aplysia californica","abstract":null,"journal":"PLoS ONE","year":2014,"id":636216,"datarank":0.5244761342199721,"base_score":3.4965075614664802,"endowment":3.4965075614664802,"self_citation_contribution":0.5244761342199721,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5244761342199721,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":32,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1651082,"name":"Scott I. Kavanaugh","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":922374,"name":"Cindy Nguyen","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1651083,"name":"Pei-San Tsai","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1651081,"name":"Joshua I. Johnson","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Localization and Functional Characterization of a Novel Adipokinetic Hormone in the Mollusk, Aplysia californica","abstract":"Increasing evidence suggests that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), corazonin, adipokinetic hormone (AKH), and red pigment-concentrating hormone all share common ancestry to form a GnRH superfamily. Despite the wide presence of these peptides in protostomes, their biological effects remain poorly characterized in many taxa. This study had three goals. First, we cloned the full-length sequence of a novel AKH, termed Aplysia-AKH, and examined its distribution in an opisthobranch mollusk, Aplysia californica. Second, we investigated in vivo biological effects of Aplysia-AKH. Lastly, we compared the effects of Aplysia-AKH to a related A. californica peptide, Aplysia-GnRH. Results suggest that Aplysia-AKH mRNA and peptide are localized exclusively in central tissues, with abdominal, cerebral, and pleural ganglia being the primary sites of Aplysia-AKH production. However, Aplysia-AKH-positive fibers were found in all central ganglia, suggesting diverse neuromodulatory roles. Injections of A. californica with Aplysia-AKH significantly inhibited feeding, reduced body mass, increased excretion of feces, and reduced gonadal mass and oocyte diameter. The in vivo effects of Aplysia-AKH differed substantially from Aplysia-GnRH. Overall, the distribution and biological effects of Aplysia-AKH suggest it has diverged functionally from Aplysia-GnRH over the course of evolution. Further, that both Aplysia-AKH and Aplysia-GnRH failed to activate reproduction suggest the critical role of GnRH as a reproductive activator may be a phenomenon unique to vertebrates.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.4965075614664802,"endowment":3.4965075614664802,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"25162698","pmcid":"PMC4146582","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2092667036","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Science Foundation","grant_id":"0743818","title":"Functional and Structural Evolution of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone"}],"total_grants":1,"fwci":8.8554,"citation_percentile":0.97678695,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2016,"count":10},{"year":2017,"count":5},{"year":2018,"count":2},{"year":2019,"count":6},{"year":2020,"count":3},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":4},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106014&type=printable","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106014&type=printable","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106014","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106014","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25162698","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.790.2522","host_type":""},{"url":"https://doaj.org/article/d62f0c476add478a80abe22b29b91449","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4146582","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4146582","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4146582?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106014","host_type":""},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106014","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth","Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","Physiological and biochemical adaptations","0301 basic medicine","0303 health sciences","03 medical and health sciences","Amino Acid Sequence","Animals","Aplysia","Base Sequence","Body Weight","Evolution, Molecular","Feeding Behavior","Ganglia, Invertebrate","Gene Expression","Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone","Molecular Sequence Data","Oligopeptides","Oocytes","Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid","RNA, Messenger"],"mesh_terms":["Amino Acid Sequence","Animals","Aplysia","Base Sequence","Body Weight","Feeding Behavior","Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone","Molecular Sequence Data","Oligopeptides","Oocytes","Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid","RNA, Messenger","Gene Expression","Ganglia, Invertebrate","Evolution, Molecular"],"keywords":["Aplysia","Biology","Adipokinetic hormone","Endocrinology","Internal medicine","Neuropeptide","Biochemistry","Neuroscience","Receptor","Base Sequence","Science","Q","Body Weight","Molecular Sequence Data","R","Gene Expression","Feeding Behavior","Ganglia, Invertebrate","Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid","Evolution, Molecular","Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone","Oocytes","Medicine","Animals","Amino Acid Sequence","RNA, Messenger","Oligopeptides","Research Article"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":10,"sdg_label":"10. No inequality"},{"sdg_number":16,"sdg_label":"16. Peace & justice"},{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Life below water"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"gen"},{"name":"uniprot"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-06T16:36:30.339101Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}