{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011571","title":"Establishing brain states in neuroimaging data","abstract":"The definition of a brain state remains elusive, with varying interpretations across different sub-fields of neuroscience-from the level of wakefulness in anaesthesia, to activity of individual neurons, voltage in EEG, and blood flow in fMRI. This lack of consensus presents a significant challenge to the development of accurate models of neural dynamics. However, at the foundation of dynamical systems theory lies a definition of what constitutes the 'state' of a system-i.e., a specification of the system's future. Here, we propose to adopt this definition to establish brain states in neuroimaging timeseries by applying Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) to low-dimensional embedding of resting and task condition fMRI data. We find that ~90% of subjects in resting conditions are better described by first-order models, whereas ~55% of subjects in task conditions are better described by second-order models. Our work calls into question the status quo of using first-order equations almost exclusively within computational neuroscience and provides a new way of establishing brain states, as well as their associated phase space representations, in neuroimaging datasets.","journal":"PLoS Computational Biology","year":2023,"id":373625,"datarank":0.26876392038420827,"base_score":1.791759469228055,"endowment":1.791759469228055,"self_citation_contribution":0.26876392038420827,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.26876392038420827,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9317,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":109393,"name":"Jonathan Smallwood","orcid":"0000-0002-7298-2459","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251114,"name":"Ting Xu","orcid":"0000-0002-0065-3832","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":355486,"name":"Federico Turkheimer","orcid":"0000-0002-3766-3815","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":802913,"name":"Rosalyn Moran","orcid":"0000-0002-2736-2621","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75228,"name":"Karl Friston","orcid":"0000-0001-7984-8909","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":268787,"name":"Robert Leech","orcid":"0000-0002-5801-6318","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":802912,"name":"Erik D. Fagerholm","orcid":"0000-0003-2973-1395","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1008404,"name":"Zalina Dezhina","orcid":"0000-0002-8026-0499","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:16:07.080027Z","pmid":"37844124","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}