{"doi":"10.1364/ome.400450","title":"Direct laser writing of a titanium dioxide-laden retinal cone phantom for adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography","abstract":"The spatial resolution of adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) enables visualization of retinal components ( e.g ., photoreceptors), which can advance clinical diagnosis of ocular diseases. Currently, however, variability in AO-OCT system performance suggests a need for standardized physical models, or “phantoms”, that replicate the opto-structural properties of retinal components. Here we employ direct laser writing – a two-photon polymerization-based additive manufacturing technology – using a light scattering titanium (IV) dioxide nanoparticle-laden photomaterial to create novel retinal cone outer segment (OS) phantoms. Fabrication results demonstrate effective mimicry of cone OS diameter and spacing at four retinal eccentricities, while AO-OCT experiments demonstrate cone spacings >4 µ m can be resolved. These results suggest a promising methodology for biomimetic photoreceptor phantom development for AO-OCT.","journal":"Optical Materials Express","year":2020,"id":86295,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":14,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9565,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":440076,"name":"Michael Restaino","orcid":"0000-0002-3856-1626","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":440077,"name":"Abdullah T. Alsharhan","orcid":"0000-0002-3037-6127","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":440078,"name":"Zhuolin Liu","orcid":"0000-0001-8019-2054","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":440079,"name":"Daniel X. Hammer","orcid":"0000-0003-0532-1914","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":440080,"name":"Ryan D. Sochol","orcid":"0000-0002-9633-8932","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":440081,"name":"Anant Agrawal","orcid":"0000-0001-8573-0042","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":440075,"name":"Andrew Lamont","orcid":"0000-0002-9580-5316","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":39,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:58:41.997408Z","pmid":"42145562","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}