{"doi":"10.1364/boe.426149","title":"Ultrafast laser surgery probe with a calcium fluoride miniaturized objective for bone ablation","abstract":"We present a miniaturized ultrafast laser surgery probe with improved miniaturized optics to deliver higher peak powers and enable higher surgical speeds than previously possible. A custom-built miniaturized CaF 2 objective showed no evidence of the strong multiphoton absorption observed in our previous ZnS-based probe, enabling higher laser power delivery to the tissue surface for ablation. A Kagome fiber delivered ultrashort pulses from a high repetition rate fiber laser to the objective, producing a focal beam radius of 1.96 μm and covering a 90×90 μm 2 scan area. The probe delivered the maximum available fiber laser power, providing fluences >6 J/cm 2 at the tissue surface at 53% transmission efficiency. We characterized the probe’s performance through a parametric ablation study on bovine cortical bone and defined optimal operating parameters for surgery using an experimental- and simulation-based approach. The entire opto-mechanical system, enclosed within a 5-mm diameter housing with a 2.6-mm diameter probe tip, achieved material removal rates >0.1 mm 3 /min, however removal rates were ultimately limited by the available laser power. Towards a next generation surgery probe, we simulated maximum material removal rates when using a higher power fiber laser and found that removal rates >2 mm 3 /min could be attained through appropriate selection of laser surgery parameters. With future development, the device presented here can serve as a precise surgical tool with clinically viable speeds for delicate applications such as spinal decompression surgeries.","journal":"Biomedical Optics Express","year":2021,"id":189258,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":15,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9598,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":382819,"name":"Liam Andrus","orcid":"0000-0002-6026-5786","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":751376,"name":"Michal E. Pawlowski","orcid":"0000-0002-1129-8741","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":751377,"name":"Ye Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-0858-3362","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":751378,"name":"Tomasz Tkaczyk","orcid":"0000-0001-7153-3312","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":382820,"name":"Adela Ben‐Yakar","orcid":"0000-0003-3468-6146","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":401329,"name":"Kaushik Subramanian","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":41,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:49:14.547082Z","pmid":"34513224","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}