{"doi":"10.1242/jcs.263624","title":"Surface protein machineries in Gram-negative bacteria","abstract":"The major feature that distinguishes Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria is the presence of both an inner and outer membrane. Both membranes contain lipoproteins, peripheral membrane proteins, α-helical membrane proteins and a host of β-barrel membrane proteins. However, the vast majority of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are β-barrel proteins, with a few select α-helical exceptions. In this Review, we provide a general overview of many of the proteins and protein machineries essential for cell survival that are commonly found on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. Many of these proteins also serve important roles in mediating virulence in pathogenic strains, making them promising drug and vaccine targets. Examples include the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex, which is involved in the biogenesis and assembly of OMPs; surface lipoprotein assembly modulator 1 (Slam1), which is involved in the presentation of lipoproteins at the surface; efflux pumps, which remove potentially harmful substrates; as well as the protein assemblies that comprise pili and flagella. The structures of these protein machineries and the underlying mechanisms responsible for their function create a complex and dynamic surface landscape that must adapt quickly to ever-changing environmental conditions.","journal":"Journal of Cell Science","year":2025,"id":524495,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9389,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":827063,"name":"Evan Billings","orcid":"0000-0002-8555-8008","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1398547,"name":"Michelle Bush","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1398548,"name":"Dorothy DRozario","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1398549,"name":"Wyatt Scherschel","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":352782,"name":"Nicholas Noinaj","orcid":"0000-0001-6361-2336","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1059321,"name":"Claire Overly Cottom","orcid":"0000-0003-4919-2114","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":200,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:50:12.083054Z","pmid":"40988583","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}