{"doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgad048","title":"Increased Morbidity in Males Diagnosed With Gynecomastia: A Nationwide Register-based Cohort Study","abstract":"CONTEXT: Evidence on the long-term and general health of males with gynecomastia is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To assess health before and following a diagnosis of gynecomastia. METHODS: A register-based cohort study of 140 574 males, of which 23 429 were diagnosed with incident gynecomastia and age- and calendar-matched (1:5) to 117 145 males without gynecomastia from the background population. Males with gynecomastia were stratified into males without (idiopathic) or with a known preexisting risk factor (disease/medication). Cox and logistic regression models investigated associations of disease risk according to International Classification of Diseases 10th revision sections following and before gynecomastia diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 16 253 (69.4%) males in the cohort were identified with idiopathic gynecomastia. These males had a statistically significant higher risk of future disease across all included disease chapters (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19-1.89), with endocrine diseases representing the greatest disease risk (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.76-2.03). The highest subchapter disease risk was observed for disorders of the endocrine glands (odds ratio [OR], 7.27; 95% CI, 6.19-8.54). Similarly, the ORs of comorbidities were higher across all included disease sections (OR, 1.05-1.51), except for psychiatric disease (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.68-0.78), with the highest association with musculoskeletal/connective tissue (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.46-1.57) and circulatory (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.29-1.43) diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of idiopathic gynecomastia is an important first clinical symptom of an underlying disease and a significant predictor of future disease risk. These findings should stimulate more awareness among health care providers to increase identification of gynecomastia and its causes in males.","journal":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","year":2023,"id":369260,"datarank":0.44062707673914875,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"self_citation_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citation_network_contribution":0.09523931279004182,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citer_contribution":0.09523931279004182,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":7,"citers_with_citation_signal":3,"citers_with_endowment":3,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6678,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"Dryad":["10.5061/dryad.kwh70rz7t"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":651360,"name":"Youn‐Hee Lim","orcid":"0000-0002-1290-5814","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":651359,"name":"Elvira V. Bräuner","orcid":"0000-0001-9183-4796","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":486141,"name":"Anders Juul","orcid":"0000-0002-0534-4350","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":651361,"name":"Cecilie S. Uldbjerg","orcid":"0000-0002-4041-094X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":26,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:15:28.704894Z","pmid":"36718997","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}