{"doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgaa739","title":"Time-of-day and Meal Size Effects on Clinical Lipid Markers","abstract":"CONTEXT: Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease are common in shift workers and eating at night may contribute to this pathophysiology. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of eating at different times of day on lipid profiles. DESIGN: Two 24-hour baseline days with 8 hours of sleep, 3 meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and a snack, followed by a 40-hour constant routine (CR) with hourly isocaloric meals. SETTING: Intensive Physiological Monitoring Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one healthy adults [23.4 ± 2.7 years, 5F]. INTERVENTION: Forty-hour CR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A standard clinical lipid panel, consisting of total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), was assayed in blood samples collected 4-hourly across ~4 days. RESULTS: When participants ate at night, levels of TG were similar to eating during the day, however, these levels at night were reached with consuming approximately half the calories. Additionally, 24-hour levels of TG were 10% higher when meals were consumed hourly across 24 hours compared to consuming a typical 3-meal schedule while awake during the day and sleeping at night. The endogenous circadian rhythms of TG, which peaked at night, were shifted earlier by ~10 hours under baseline conditions, whereas the rhythms in total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C remained unchanged and peaked in the afternoon. CONCLUSIONS: The time-of-day dependency on postprandial lipid metabolism, which leads to hypersensitivity in TG responses when eating at night, may underlie the dyslipidemia and elevated cardiovascular disease risk observed in shift workers.","journal":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","year":2020,"id":104295,"datarank":1.0213025592956861,"base_score":3.258096538021482,"endowment":3.258096538021482,"self_citation_contribution":0.4887144807032224,"citation_network_contribution":0.5325880785924638,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4887144807032224,"citer_contribution":0.5325880785924638,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":25,"citer_count":22,"citers_with_citation_signal":19,"citers_with_endowment":19,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8835,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":339460,"name":"Charles A. Czeisler","orcid":"0000-0002-7408-1849","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342321,"name":"Steven W. Lockley","orcid":"0000-0001-5209-2881","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342319,"name":"Shadab A. Rahman","orcid":"0000-0002-8729-0500","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":506817,"name":"Leilah K Grant","orcid":"0000-0002-6165-7044","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":26,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T22:43:22.755723Z","pmid":"33051649","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}