{"doi":"10.1190/tle41090599.1","title":"Acoustic impedance to outcrop: Presenting near-surface seismic data as a virtual outcrop in carbonate analog studies","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Outcrop analogs play a central role in understanding subseismic interwell depositional facies heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs. Outcrop geologists rarely utilize near-surface seismic data due to the limited vertical resolution and difficulty visualizing seismic signals as “band-limited rocks.” This study proposes a methodology using a combination of forward modeling and conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) to translate seismic-derived acoustic impedance (AI) into a pseudo-high-resolution virtual outcrop. We tested the methodology on the Hanifa reservoir analog outcropping in Wadi Birk, Saudi Arabia. We interpret a 4 km long outcrop photomosaic from a digital outcrop model (DOM) for its depositional facies, populate the DOM with AI properties, and forward calculate the band-limited AI of the DOM facies using colored inversion. We pair the synthetic band-limited AI with DOM facies and train them using a cGAN. Similarly, we pair the DOM facies with outcrop photos and train them using a cGAN. We chain the two trained networks and apply them to the approximately 600 m long seismic-derived AI data acquired just behind the outcrop. The result translates AI images into a virtual outcrop “behind-the-outcrop” model. This virtual outcrop model is a visual medium that operates at a resolution and format more familiar to outcrop geologists. This model resolves subseismic stratigraphic features such as the intricate downlap-onlap stratal termination at scales of tens of centimeters and the outline of buildup facies, which are otherwise unresolvable in the band-limited AI.</jats:p>","journal":"The Leading Edge","year":2022,"id":35614,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":182039,"name":"Andika Perbawa","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182041,"name":"Ingrid Puspita","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182042,"name":"Volker Vahrenkamp","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":182038,"name":"Ahmad Ramdani","orcid":"0000-0002-7443-7278","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"24523987","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4294011955","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.3628,"citation_percentile":0.55081552,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":1}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://repository.kaust.edu.sa/bitstreams/f9e7a575-ff62-48bf-b1bd-dc6e41825f22/download","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/seg/tle/article-pdf/41/9/599/5684440/tle41090599.1.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1190/tle41090599.1","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/680835","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","Seismic Waves and Analysis","Underwater Acoustics Research","Geology","Engineering","Computer Science"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Outcrop","Geology","Facies","Sedimentary depositional environment","Onlap","Paleontology","Petrology"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-10T05:46:00.369848Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}