{"doi":"10.1186/s40359-024-01658-0","title":"Development and validation of the perceived symptom manageability scale among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>“Perceived Symptom Manageability (PSM)” is essential in symptom management among people living with HIV. As a standardized assessment instrument was lacking, we developed a PSM scale for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PSM-HIV).</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data analysis was performed using the sample from HIV-designated medical institutions (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 540). Psychometric testing, namely reliability and validity, is assessed by unidimensionality, internal consistency, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The final version of the PSM- HIV scale contained 15 items. This scale was submitted to a principal components analysis with varimax rotation, and three factors were obtained, explained by a total variance of 63.10%. The three factors were named Cognitive-Behavioral, Affective Interaction, and Self-Attitude. The results show that the scale had high reliability, Cronbach’s α of the scale ranged from 0.71 to 0.92, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.88. The structural equation model supports a factor model with the acceptable fit (χ<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>/df (CMIN/DF) = 2.50, Root Mean square Residual (RMR) = 0.03, Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) = 0.93, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.90, Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.93, Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 0.96, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.96). The average variance extracted was 0.38 ∼ 0.59, and the composite reliability was 0.70 ∼ 0.91, indicating that the convergent validity of the scale is acceptable. Subjects with different stages of the disease reached significance(χ<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 9.02; df = 2, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>&lt;0.05), meaning moderate Known-Groups Comparison Validation.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The PSM-HIV scale is a valid instrument that measures overall attitude and belief about controlling or coping with HIV-relevant symptoms.</jats:p>\n              </jats:sec>","journal":"BMC Psychology","year":2024,"id":663282,"datarank":0.24141568686511508,"base_score":1.6094379124341003,"endowment":1.6094379124341003,"self_citation_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":479722,"name":"Aiping Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-1661-8174","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1731677,"name":"Zhiyun Zhang","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1731678,"name":"Kerong Wang","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":367876,"name":"Yanping Yu","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":882339,"name":"Xiaojing Ma","orcid":"0000-0002-3584-0769","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1731679,"name":"Zhaoxia Lin","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1731680,"name":"Zhengli Yu","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1731681,"name":"Jianxue Ke","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1731676,"name":"Meilian Xie","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-12T20:53:39.692566Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}