{"doi":"10.1186/s12974-025-03353-2","title":"Inflammatory responses revealed through HIV infection of microglia-containing cerebral organoids","abstract":"Cerebral organoids (COs) are valuable tools for studying the intricate interplay between glial cells and neurons in brain development and disease, including HIV-associated neuroinflammation. We developed a novel approach to generate microglia containing COs (CO-iMs) by co-culturing hematopoietic progenitors and inducing pluripotent stem cells. This approach allowed for the differentiation of microglia within the organoids concomitantly with the neuronal progenitors. Compared with conventional COs, CO-iMs were more efficient at generating CD45 + /CD11b + /Iba-1 + microglia and presented a physiologically relevant proportion of microglia (~ 7%). CO-iMs presented substantially increased expression of microglial homeostatic and sensome markers as well as markers for the complement cascade. CO-iMs are susceptible to HIV infection, resulting in a significant increase in several pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, which are abrogated by the addition of antiretrovirals. Thus, CO-iM is a robust model for deciphering neuropathogenesis, neuroinflammation, and viral infections of brain cells in a 3D culture system.","journal":"Journal of Neuroinflammation","year":2025,"id":510277,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":21,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9494,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":658963,"name":"Janet Zayas","orcid":"0000-0001-6635-8839","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":658904,"name":"Michelle K. Ash","orcid":"0000-0001-9601-5570","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":890986,"name":"Anjelica F. Reyes","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1155662,"name":"Tanner Shull","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":497532,"name":"Stéphanie Gambut","orcid":"0000-0002-0327-0992","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1367311,"name":"James L. A. Szczerkowski","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":782215,"name":"Charia McKee","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":586950,"name":"Jeffrey R. Schneider","orcid":"0000-0001-9091-7653","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283126,"name":"Ramón Lorenzo-Redondo","orcid":"0000-0002-5462-9483","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":450927,"name":"Lena Al‐Harthi","orcid":"0000-0003-3915-3904","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":666028,"name":"João I. Mamede","orcid":"0000-0002-6048-1876","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":462424,"name":"Srinivas D. Narasipura","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":104,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:47:36.538276Z","pmid":"39930449","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}