{"doi":"10.1177/2167702620929636","title":"Anxiety Modulates Preference for Immediate Rewards Among Trait-Impulsive Individuals: A Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis","abstract":"Trait impulsivity—defined by strong preference for immediate over delayed rewards and difficulties inhibiting prepotent behaviors—is observed in all externalizing disorders, including substance-use disorders. Many laboratory tasks have been developed to identify decision-making mechanisms and correlates of impulsive behavior, but convergence between task measures and self-reports of impulsivity are consistently low. Long-standing theories of personality and decision-making predict that neurally mediated individual differences in sensitivity to (a) reward cues and (b) punishment cues (frustrative nonreward) interact to affect behavior. Such interactions obscure one-to-one correspondences between single personality traits and task performance. We used hierarchical Bayesian analysis in three samples with differing levels of substance use ( N = 967) to identify interactive dependencies between trait impulsivity and state anxiety on impulsive decision-making. Our findings reveal how anxiety modulates impulsive decision-making and demonstrate benefits of hierarchical Bayesian analysis over traditional approaches for testing theories of psychopathology spanning levels of analysis.","journal":"Clinical Psychological Science","year":2020,"id":102737,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":26,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9525,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":422880,"name":"Theodore P. Beauchaine","orcid":"0000-0002-0938-945X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501220,"name":"Matthew Galdo","orcid":"0000-0002-1279-3859","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":467978,"name":"Andrew H. Rogers","orcid":"0000-0003-0755-8659","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333714,"name":"Hunter Hahn","orcid":"0000-0001-9342-4117","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333717,"name":"Mark A. Pitt","orcid":"0009-0002-7021-4349","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333716,"name":"Jay I. Myung","orcid":"0000-0003-0003-6495","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501221,"name":"Brandon M. Turner","orcid":"0000-0003-0966-9301","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333710,"name":"Woo‐Young Ahn","orcid":"0000-0002-5900-8432","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333713,"name":"Nathaniel Haines","orcid":"0000-0001-6654-9010","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":122,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T22:41:53.173268Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}