{"doi":"10.1177/1087054718815588","title":"A Meta-Analytic Review of Sex Differences on Delay of Gratification and Temporal Discounting Tasks in ADHD and Typically Developing Samples","abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To examine whether males and females with ADHD differ in their preferences for delayed rewards, since there is some evidence that suggests a sex difference with typically developing (TD) samples. Method: We used meta-analyses to examine sex differences on delay of gratification and temporal discounting tasks in both TD and ADHD samples. We identified 28 papers with 52 effect sizes for children and adults, and calculated the average effect size for sex comparisons within TD and ADHD samples. Results: The estimated mean difference between TD males and TD females was negligible, but males with ADHD were more likely to choose the larger delayed rewards than females with ADHD. Meta-regressions indicated that task type, age, and reward type did not significantly predict sex differences. Conclusion: These findings suggest that females referred for ADHD may make less adaptive choices by preferring smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards more often than males with ADHD. Implications of our findings are discussed.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Attention Disorders","year":2021,"id":669866,"datarank":0.6782682865573562,"base_score":4.5217885770490405,"endowment":4.5217885770490405,"self_citation_contribution":0.6782682865573562,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6782682865573562,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":71.3,"corpus_rank":3955,"citation_count":91,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":571680,"name":"David B. Flora","orcid":"0000-0001-7472-0914","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1749536,"name":"Maggie E. Toplak","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1749535,"name":"Joshua L. Doidge","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"A Meta-Analytic Review of Sex Differences on Delay of Gratification and Temporal Discounting Tasks in ADHD and Typically Developing Samples","abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To examine whether males and females with ADHD differ in their preferences for delayed rewards, since there is some evidence that suggests a sex difference with typically developing (TD) samples. Method: We used meta-analyses to examine sex differences on delay of gratification and temporal discounting tasks in both TD and ADHD samples. We identified 28 papers with 52 effect sizes for children and adults, and calculated the average effect size for sex comparisons within TD and ADHD samples. Results: The estimated mean difference between TD males and TD females was negligible, but males with ADHD were more likely to choose the larger delayed rewards than females with ADHD. Meta-regressions indicated that task type, age, and reward type did not significantly predict sex differences. Conclusion: These findings suggest that females referred for ADHD may make less adaptive choices by preferring smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards more often than males with ADHD. Implications of our findings are discussed.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.5217885770490405,"endowment":4.5217885770490405,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"30596297","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2907929975","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship","grant_id":"Master’s Scholarship","title":null},{"funder_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","grant_id":"Insight Grant","title":null},{"funder_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council","grant_id":"unidentified","title":"unidentified"}],"total_grants":3,"fwci":7.2326,"citation_percentile":0.98070483,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2019,"count":1},{"year":2020,"count":42},{"year":2021,"count":5},{"year":2022,"count":8},{"year":2023,"count":16},{"year":2024,"count":9},{"year":2025,"count":8},{"year":2026,"count":2}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"https://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1087054718815588","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/1087054718815588","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054718815588","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30596297","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718815588","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","Mental Health Research Topics","Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development","05 social sciences","03 medical and health sciences","0302 clinical medicine","0501 psychology and cognitive sciences","Adult","Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","Child","Delay Discounting","Female","Humans","Male","Pleasure","Reward","Sex Characteristics"],"mesh_terms":["Adult","Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","Child","Female","Humans","Male","Reward","Sex Characteristics","Pleasure","Delay Discounting"],"keywords":["Psychology","Delay of gratification","Gratification","Delay discounting","Meta-analysis","Temporal discounting","Developmental psychology","Impulsivity","Typically developing","Discounting","Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","Clinical psychology","Social psychology","ADHD","Sex differences","Reward","Choice Impulsivity","Adult","Male","Pleasure","Sex Characteristics","Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","Humans","Female","Child"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":10,"sdg_label":"10. 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