{"doi":"10.1177/08903344231212430","title":"Concentrations of Lead and Arsenic in Mother’s Milk and Children’s Blood in Peruvian Breastfeeding Dyads","abstract":"Background: Toxic trace elements could enter human milk through mothers’ food consumption, drinking water, air, or incidental soil ingestion, and are of concern to the nursing infant. Research Aim: To determine the concentration of toxic trace elements (lead and arsenic) in Peruvian mothers’ milk and their association with blood concentrations in their own infants 3–20 months old. Method: This exploratory, cross-sectional study, carried out in Peru, included breastfeeding mother/child dyads ( N = 40). Following standardized protocols, biospecimens of human milk and child’s blood were collected. Results: Lead and arsenic concentrations in milk were above the method detection limits in 73% and 100% of samples with median concentrations of 0.26 µg/L ( IQR = 0.10, 0.33 µg/L) and 0.73 µg/L ( IQR = 0.63, 0.91 µg/L), respectively. Concentrations of lead and arsenic in blood were 2.05 µg/dL ( SD = 1.35), and 1.43 µg/dl (geometric mean: SD = 1.39), respectively. Blood lead concentrations in 12.5% ( n = 5) of the samples were above the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention reference value (< 3.5 µg/dl), and over half of arsenic concentrations were above the acceptable levels of < 1.3 µg/dl (Mayo Clinic Interpretative Handbook). Our results showed that for every one-month increase in age, lead blood concentrations increased by 0.1 µg/dl ( p = 0.023). Additionally, every 1 µg/L increase in the mother’s milk arsenic was associated with a 1.40 µg/dl increase in the child’s blood arsenic concentration. Conclusions: Implementing effective interventions to decrease the toxic exposure of reproductive-aged women is needed in Peru and worldwide.","journal":"Journal of Human Lactation","year":2023,"id":355404,"datarank":0.30547334092928946,"base_score":1.9459101490553132,"endowment":1.9459101490553132,"self_citation_contribution":0.29188652235829704,"citation_network_contribution":0.013586818570992417,"self_endowment_contribution":0.29188652235829704,"citer_contribution":0.013586818570992417,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":6,"citers_with_citation_signal":2,"citers_with_endowment":2,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8874,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1103796,"name":"Amanda Thaxton-Wiggins","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":695412,"name":"Jason M. Unrine","orcid":"0000-0003-3012-5261","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":531873,"name":"Ana María Linares","orcid":"0000-0002-8883-5197","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":34,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:13:16.394812Z","pmid":"38084709","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}