{"doi":"10.1177/0885328214548604","title":"Chondrogenic potential of human articular chondrocytes and skeletal stem cells: A comparative study","abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Regenerative medicine strategies have increasingly focused on skeletal stem cells (SSCs), in response to concerns such as donor site morbidity, dedifferentiation and limited lifespan associated with the use of articular chondrocytes for cartilage repair. The suitability of SSCs for cartilage regeneration, however, remains to be fully determined. This study has examined the chondrogenic potential of human STRO-1-immunoselected SSCs (STRO-1\n                    <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n                    SSCs), in comparison to human articular chondrocytes (HACs), by utilising two bioengineering strategies, namely “scaffold-free” three-dimensional (3-D) pellet culture and culture using commercially available, highly porous, 3-D scaffolds with interconnected pore networks. STRO-1\n                    <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n                    SSCs were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting from bone marrow samples of haematologically normal osteoarthritic individuals following routine hip replacement procedures. Chondrocytes were isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion of deep zone articular cartilage pieces dissected from femoral heads of the same individuals. After expansion in monolayer cultures, the harvested cell populations were centrifuged to form high-density 3-D pellets and also seeded in the 3-D scaffold membranes, followed by culture in serum-free chondrogenic media under static conditions for 21 and 28 days, respectively. Chondrogenic differentiation was determined by gene expression, histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Robust cartilage formation and expression of hyaline cartilage-specific markers were observed in both day-21 pellets and day-28 explants generated using HACs. In comparison, STRO-1\n                    <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n                    SSCs demonstrated significantly lower chondrogenic differentiation potential and a tendency for hypertrophic differentiation in day-21 pellets. Culture of STRO-1\n                    <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n                    SSCs in the 3-D scaffolds improved the expression of hyaline cartilage-specific markers in day-28 explants, however, was unable to prevent hypertrophic differentiation of the SSC population. The advantages of application of SSCs in tissue engineering are widely recognised; the results of this study, however, highlight the need for further development of cell culture protocols that may otherwise limit the application of this stem cell population in cartilage bioengineering strategies.\n                  </jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Biomaterials Applications","year":2015,"id":664342,"datarank":1.344973150565123,"base_score":3.4339872044851463,"endowment":3.4339872044851463,"self_citation_contribution":0.515098080672772,"citation_network_contribution":0.8298750698923509,"self_endowment_contribution":0.515098080672772,"citer_contribution":0.8298750698923509,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":30,"citer_count":23,"citers_with_citation_signal":22,"citers_with_endowment":22,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1734673,"name":"Bram G Sengers","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1734674,"name":"Richard OC Oreffo","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1734677,"name":"Rahul S Tare","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1379727,"name":"Siwei Li","orcid":"0000-0002-1042-0012","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Chondrogenic potential of human articular chondrocytes and skeletal stem cells: A comparative study","abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Regenerative medicine strategies have increasingly focused on skeletal stem cells (SSCs), in response to concerns such as donor site morbidity, dedifferentiation and limited lifespan associated with the use of articular chondrocytes for cartilage repair. The suitability of SSCs for cartilage regeneration, however, remains to be fully determined. This study has examined the chondrogenic potential of human STRO-1-immunoselected SSCs (STRO-1\n                    <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n                    SSCs), in comparison to human articular chondrocytes (HACs), by utilising two bioengineering strategies, namely “scaffold-free” three-dimensional (3-D) pellet culture and culture using commercially available, highly porous, 3-D scaffolds with interconnected pore networks. STRO-1\n                    <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n                    SSCs were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting from bone marrow samples of haematologically normal osteoarthritic individuals following routine hip replacement procedures. Chondrocytes were isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion of deep zone articular cartilage pieces dissected from femoral heads of the same individuals. After expansion in monolayer cultures, the harvested cell populations were centrifuged to form high-density 3-D pellets and also seeded in the 3-D scaffold membranes, followed by culture in serum-free chondrogenic media under static conditions for 21 and 28 days, respectively. Chondrogenic differentiation was determined by gene expression, histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Robust cartilage formation and expression of hyaline cartilage-specific markers were observed in both day-21 pellets and day-28 explants generated using HACs. In comparison, STRO-1\n                    <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n                    SSCs demonstrated significantly lower chondrogenic differentiation potential and a tendency for hypertrophic differentiation in day-21 pellets. Culture of STRO-1\n                    <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n                    SSCs in the 3-D scaffolds improved the expression of hyaline cartilage-specific markers in day-28 explants, however, was unable to prevent hypertrophic differentiation of the SSC population. The advantages of application of SSCs in tissue engineering are widely recognised; the results of this study, however, highlight the need for further development of cell culture protocols that may otherwise limit the application of this stem cell population in cartilage bioengineering strategies.\n                  </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.4339872044851463,"endowment":3.4339872044851463,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"25145989","pmcid":"PMC4274334","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2079317351","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","grant_id":"BB/G010579/1","title":null},{"funder_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","grant_id":"G0 105791/1","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":2.5353,"citation_percentile":0.88705712,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2015,"count":1},{"year":2016,"count":2},{"year":2017,"count":8},{"year":2018,"count":4},{"year":2019,"count":4},{"year":2020,"count":3},{"year":2021,"count":3},{"year":2022,"count":2},{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328214548604","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328214548604","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0885328214548604","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/0885328214548604","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25145989","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://doi.org/10.1177/0885328214548604>).","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4274334","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4274334","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4274334?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms","Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes","Mesenchymal stem cell research","Cartilage, Articular","Cell Differentiation","Cell Proliferation","Cells, Cultured","Chondrocytes","Chondrogenesis","Equipment Design","Equipment Failure Analysis","Feasibility Studies","Humans","Mesenchymal Stem Cells","Tissue Engineering","Tissue Scaffolds"],"mesh_terms":["Cartilage, Articular","Cell Differentiation","Cells, Cultured","Equipment Design","Feasibility Studies","Humans","Equipment Failure Analysis","Chondrocytes","Chondrogenesis","Tissue Engineering","Cell Proliferation","Tissue Scaffolds","Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"keywords":["Chondrogenesis","Cartilage","Articular cartilage repair","Tissue engineering","Stem cell","Hyaline cartilage","SOX9","Cell biology","Biomedical engineering","Scaffold","Regeneration (biology)","Andrology","Materials science","Chemistry","Anatomy","Biology","Medicine","Pathology","Osteoarthritis","Articular cartilage","Gene expression","Biochemistry","Pellets","hypertrophy","Scaffolds","Articular Chondrocytes","Skeletal Stem Cells"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-13T02:14:12.097749Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}