{"doi":"10.1177/00187208241237863","title":"Examining Patterns and Predictors of ADHD Teens’ Skill-Learning Trajectories During Enhanced FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL+) Training","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: earning (FOCAL+) training. BACKGROUND: FOCAL+ teaches teens to reduce the duration of off-road glances using real-time error learning. In a randomized controlled trial, teens with ADHD received five sessions of FOCAL+ training and demonstrated significant reductions in extended glances (>2-s) away from the roadway (i.e., long-glances) and a 40% reduced risk of a crash/near-crash event. Teens' improvement in limiting long-glances as assessed after each FOCAL+ training session has not been examined. METHOD: = 152) were randomly assigned to five sessions of either FOCAL+ or modified standard driver training. Teens completed driving simulation assessments at baseline, after each training session, and 1 month and 6 months posttraining. Naturalistic driving was monitored for one year. RESULTS: FOCAL+ training produced a 53% maximal reduction in long-glances during postsession simulated driving. The number of sessions needed to achieve maximum performance varied across participants. However, after five FOCAL+ training sessions, number of long-glances was comparable irrespective of when teens achieved their maximum performance. The magnitude of reduction in long-glances predicted levels of long-glances during simulated driving at 1 month and 6 months posttraining but not naturalistic driving outcomes. FOCAL+ training provided the most benefit during training to teens who were younger and had less driving experience. CONCLUSION: FOCAL+ training significantly reduces long-glances beginning at the 1st training session. APPLICATION: Providing five FOCAL+ training sessions early on during teen driving may maximize benefit.","journal":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","year":2024,"id":476450,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9514,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":825737,"name":"Annie A. Garner","orcid":"0000-0002-3687-432X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":427857,"name":"Adam W. Kiefer","orcid":"0000-0003-4213-3349","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":334487,"name":"James Peugh","orcid":"0000-0002-1134-5667","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":273456,"name":"Leanne Tamm","orcid":"0000-0001-6066-1669","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1116351,"name":"James D. Lynch","orcid":"0000-0003-2757-6547","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":456338,"name":"Ryan P. MacPherson","orcid":"0000-0003-4821-5580","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":879340,"name":"John O. Simon","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":891820,"name":"Donald L. Fisher","orcid":"0000-0001-7842-9710","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":273438,"name":"Jeffery N. Epstein","orcid":"0000-0003-3464-5256","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":25,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:06:29.605760Z","pmid":"38459952","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}