{"doi":"10.1172/jci157990","title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination trigger long-lived B and CD4+ T lymphocytes with implications for booster strategies","abstract":null,"journal":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","year":2022,"id":635799,"datarank":0.5533319181170905,"base_score":3.6888794541139363,"endowment":3.6888794541139363,"self_citation_contribution":0.5533319181170905,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5533319181170905,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":39,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1649679,"name":"Anna Vanni","orcid":"0000-0002-0463-2799","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649680,"name":"Michele Spinicci","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649681,"name":"Giulia Lamacchia","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649682,"name":"Seble Tekle Kiros","orcid":"0000-0002-9687-0734","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649683,"name":"Arianna Rocca","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1282531,"name":"Manuela Capone","orcid":"0000-0002-4690-9960","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1282889,"name":"Nicoletta Di Lauria","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1282529,"name":"Lorenzo Salvati","orcid":"0000-0001-5831-0392","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649684,"name":"Alberto Carnasciali","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649685,"name":"Elisabetta Mantengoli","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649686,"name":"Parham Farahvachi","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1412837,"name":"Lorenzo Zammarchi","orcid":"0000-0003-0892-8404","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649687,"name":"Filippo Lagi","orcid":null,"position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1649688,"name":"Maria Grazia Colao","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1282535,"name":"Francesco Liotta","orcid":"0000-0003-1746-9967","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1282536,"name":"Lorenzo Cosmi","orcid":"0000-0002-8150-8177","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1282533,"name":"Laura Maggi","orcid":"0000-0003-2862-9591","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1282537,"name":"Alessandro Bartoloni","orcid":"0000-0001-9758-1523","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1535025,"name":"Gian Maria Rossolini","orcid":null,"position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":111487,"name":"Francesco Annunziato","orcid":null,"position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1282532,"name":"Alessio Mazzoni","orcid":"0000-0001-7768-3805","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination trigger long-lived B and CD4+ T lymphocytes with implications for booster strategies","abstract":"BACKGROUNDImmunization against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, occurs via natural infection or vaccination. However, it is currently unknown how long infection- or vaccination-induced immunological memory will last.METHODSWe performed a longitudinal evaluation of immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 up to 1 year after infection and following mRNA vaccination in naive individuals and individuals recovered from COVID-19 infection.RESULTSWe found that memory cells are still detectable 8 months after vaccination, while antibody levels decline significantly, especially in naive individuals. We also found that a booster injection is efficacious in reactivating immunological memory to spike protein in naive individuals, whereas it was ineffective in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Finally, we observed a similar kinetics of decay of humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 up to 1 year following natural infection in a cohort of unvaccinated individuals.CONCLUSIONShort-term persistence of humoral immunity, together with the reduced neutralization capacity versus the currently prevailing SARS-CoV-2 variants, may account for reinfections and breakthrough infections. Long-lived memory B and CD4+ T cells may protect from severe disease development. In naive individuals, a booster dose restored optimal anti-spike immunity, whereas the needs for vaccinated individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 have yet to be defined.FUNDINGThis study was supported by funds to the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence (Project Excellence Departments 2018-2022), the University of Florence (project RICTD2122), the Italian Ministry of Health (COVID-2020-12371849), and the region of Tuscany (TagSARS CoV 2).","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":3.6888794541139363,"endowment":3.6888794541139363,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"35139036","pmcid":"PMC8920339","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4210948116","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":3.5746,"citation_percentile":0.94574355,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2022,"count":16},{"year":2023,"count":9},{"year":2024,"count":10},{"year":2025,"count":2},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"http://www.jci.org/articles/view/157990/files/pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"http://www.jci.org/articles/view/157990/files/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.jci.org/articles/view/157990/files/pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172/jci157990","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35139036","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1257994","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8920339","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8920339","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8920339?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","Immune responses and vaccinations","vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","Antibodies, Neutralizing","Antibodies, Viral","CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes","COVID-19","Humans","Immunity, Humoral","SARS-CoV-2","Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus","Vaccination","SARS-CoV-2 variants"],"mesh_terms":["COVID-19","SARS-CoV-2","Antibodies, Viral","Humans","Vaccination","CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes","Immunity, Humoral","Antibodies, Neutralizing","Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus"],"keywords":["Vaccination","Booster (rocketry)","Antibody","Christian ministry","Immune system","Immunity","Humoral immunity","Immunological memory","Memory B cell","cellular immune response","adaptive immunity","Covid-19"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-06T15:35:14.628326Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}