{"doi":"10.1172/jci144336","title":"IL-36 in chronic inflammation and fibrosis — bridging the gap?","abstract":"IL-36 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists and one receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). The three endogenous agonists, IL-36α, -β, and -γ, act primarily as proinflammatory cytokines, and their signaling through the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) promotes immune cell infiltration and secretion of inflammatory and chemotactic molecules. However, IL-36 signaling also fosters secretion of profibrotic soluble mediators, suggesting a role in fibrotic disorders. IL-36 isoforms and IL-36 have been implicated in inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and allergic rhinitis. Moreover, IL-36 has been connected to fibrotic disorders affecting the kidney, lung, and intestines. This review summarizes the expression, cellular source, and function of IL-36 in inflammation and fibrosis in various organs, and proposes that IL-36 modulation may prove valuable in preventing or treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and may reveal a mechanistic link between inflammation and fibrosis.","journal":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","year":2021,"id":149113,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":112,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9537,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":414491,"name":"Shuai Zhao","orcid":"0000-0002-1243-7053","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":278885,"name":"Hongnga T. Le","orcid":"0000-0002-9923-7846","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":634430,"name":"Jie Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-4495-8862","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":85203,"name":"Markus F. Neurath","orcid":"0000-0003-4344-1474","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":635536,"name":"Clemens Neufert","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":249758,"name":"Claudio Fiocchi","orcid":"0000-0001-6046-0592","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":294494,"name":"Florian Rieder","orcid":"0000-0002-9087-1568","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":635535,"name":"Michael Elias","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":166,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:42:51.282401Z","pmid":"33463541","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}