{"doi":"10.1172/jci.insight.194633","title":"BCG immunization mitigates SARS-CoV-2 replication in macaques via monocyte efferocytosis and neutrophil recruitment in lungs","abstract":"Exposure to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Canarypox ALVAC/Alum vaccine elicits pro- or antiinflammatory innate responses, respectively. We tested whether prior exposure of macaques to these immunogens protected against SARS-CoV-2 replication in lungs and found more efficient replication control after the pro-inflammatory immunity elicited by BCG. The decreased virus level in lungs was linked to early infiltrates of classical monocytes producing IL-8 with systemic neutrophils, Th2 cells, and Ki67+CD95+CD4+ T cells producing CCR7. At the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, BCG-treated animals had higher frequencies of lung infiltrating neutrophils and higher CD14+ cells expressing efferocytosis marker MERTK, responses correlating with decreased SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung. At the same time point, plasma IL-18, TNF-α, TNFSF-10, and VEGFA levels were also higher in the BCG group and correlated with decreased virus replication. Finally, after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, decreased virus replication correlated with neutrophils producing IL-10 and CCR7 preferentially recruited to the lungs of BCG-vaccinated animals. These data point to the importance of the spatiotemporal distribution of functional monocytes and neutrophils in controlling SARS-CoV-2 levels and suggest a central role of monocyte efferocytosis in curbing replication.","journal":"JCI Insight","year":2025,"id":534382,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.953,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":240431,"name":"Katherine C. Goldfarbmuren","orcid":"0000-0001-8774-7454","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":409301,"name":"Sarkis Sarkis","orcid":"0000-0002-3876-5733","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":397733,"name":"Massimiliano Bissa","orcid":"0000-0003-3455-3992","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":893927,"name":"Anna Gutowska","orcid":"0000-0002-9873-6432","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":397732,"name":"Luca Schifanella","orcid":"0000-0002-6123-536X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":409300,"name":"Ramona Moles","orcid":"0000-0001-8576-2394","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":398793,"name":"Melvin N. Doster","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106758,"name":"Hanné Andersen","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":651062,"name":"Yogita Jethmalani","orcid":"0000-0003-3422-8356","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":846676,"name":"Leonid Serebryannyy","orcid":"0000-0003-0213-1779","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":277975,"name":"Timothy Cardozo","orcid":"0000-0002-0643-4497","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":4374,"name":"Mark G. Lewis","orcid":"0000-0001-7852-0135","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":397737,"name":"Genoveffa Franchini","orcid":"0000-0003-2851-6589","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":383714,"name":"Mohammad Arif Rahman","orcid":"0000-0002-6120-8943","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":62,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:51:47.434742Z","pmid":"40779451","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}