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Our results suggest that it is likely that the brain computes in a hybrid fashion and that an underappreciated and important reason for the efficiency of the human brain, which consumes only 12 W, is the hybrid and distributed nature of its architecture. </jats:p>","journal":"Neural Computation","year":1998,"id":654353,"datarank":0.9306836643853037,"base_score":6.20455776256869,"endowment":6.20455776256869,"self_citation_contribution":0.9306836643853037,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.9306836643853037,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":494,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":525867,"name":"Rahul Sarpeshkar","orcid":"0000-0002-5975-0004","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Analog Versus Digital: Extrapolating from Electronics to Neurobiology","abstract":"<jats:p> We review the pros and cons of analog and digital computation. We propose that computation that is most efficient in its use of resources is neither analog computation nor digital computation but, rather, a mixture of the two forms. For maximum efficiency, the information and information-processing resources of the hybrid form must be distributed over many wires, with an optimal signal-to-noise ratio per wire. Our results suggest that it is likely that the brain computes in a hybrid fashion and that an underappreciated and important reason for the efficiency of the human brain, which consumes only 12 W, is the hybrid and distributed nature of its architecture. </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":6.20455776256869,"endowment":6.20455776256869,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"9744889","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2125010820","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":4.6964,"citation_percentile":0.94926249,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":23},{"year":2013,"count":27},{"year":2014,"count":29},{"year":2015,"count":26},{"year":2016,"count":22},{"year":2017,"count":26},{"year":2018,"count":36},{"year":2019,"count":32},{"year":2020,"count":25},{"year":2021,"count":30},{"year":2022,"count":21},{"year":2023,"count":23},{"year":2024,"count":22},{"year":2025,"count":24},{"year":2026,"count":6}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/089976698300017052","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/089976698300017052","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9744889","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","Neural dynamics and brain function","Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","Artifacts","Brain","Computers","Computers, Analog","Electronics","Evaluation Studies as Topic","Humans","Models, Theoretical","Neurobiology"],"mesh_terms":["Brain","Computers","Computers, Analog","Electronics","Evaluation Studies as Topic","Humans","Models, Theoretical","Neurobiology","Artifacts"],"keywords":["Computation","Computer science","Noise (video)","Models of neural computation","Signal processing","Artificial intelligence","Computer engineering","Digital signal processing","Artificial neural network","Computer hardware","Algorithm"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-11T06:04:05.715929Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}