{"doi":"10.1161/atvbaha.124.321001","title":"COVID-19 Is a Coronary Artery Disease Risk Equivalent and Exhibits a Genetic Interaction With ABO Blood Type","abstract":"BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is associated with acute risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including myocardial infarction, stroke, and mortality (all-cause). However, the duration and underlying determinants of heightened risk of cardiovascular disease and MACE post–COVID-19 are not known. METHODS: Data from the UK Biobank was used to identify COVID-19 cases (n=10 005) who were positive for polymerase chain reaction (PCR + )-based tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=8062) or received hospital-based International Classification of Diseases version-10 (ICD-10 ) codes for COVID-19 (n=1943) between February 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020. Population controls (n=217 730) and propensity score—matched controls (n=38 860) were also drawn from the UK Biobank during the same period. Proportional hazard models were used to evaluate COVID-19 for association with long-term (>1000 days) risk of MACE and as a coronary artery disease risk equivalent. Additional analyses examined whether COVID-19 interacted with genetic determinants to affect the risk of MACE and its components. RESULTS: The risk of MACE was elevated in COVID-19 cases at all levels of severity (HR, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.94–2.25]; P <0.0005) and to a greater extent in cases hospitalized for COVID-19 (HR, 3.85 [95% CI, 3.51–4.24]; P <0.0005). Hospitalization for COVID-19 represented a coronary artery disease risk equivalent since incident MACE risk among cases without history of cardiovascular disease was even higher than that observed in patients with cardiovascular disease without COVID-19 (HR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.08–1.37]; P <0.005). A significant genetic interaction was observed between the ABO locus and hospitalization for COVID-19 ( P interaction =0.01), with risk of thrombotic events being increased in subjects with non-O blood types (HR, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.29–2.09]; P =4.8×10 −5 ) to a greater extent than subjects with blood type O (HR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.66–1.39]; P =0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization for COVID-19 represents a coronary artery disease risk equivalent, with post–acute myocardial infarction and stroke risk particularly heightened in non-O blood types. These results may have important clinical implications and represent, to our knowledge, one of the first examples of a gene-pathogen exposure interaction for thrombotic events.","journal":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology","year":2024,"id":417758,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":62,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9122,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1170758,"name":"N. Sṕencer","orcid":"0009-0006-3911-2706","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1204930,"name":"Kimia Moeeni Afshari","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75356,"name":"Frank D. Gilliland","orcid":"0000-0002-9033-7269","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23088,"name":"Howard Hu","orcid":"0000-0002-3676-2707","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":244631,"name":"Arjun Deb","orcid":"0000-0003-0978-2611","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":15457,"name":"Aldons J. Lusis","orcid":"0000-0001-9013-0228","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":30816,"name":"W. H. Wilson Tang","orcid":"0000-0002-8335-735X","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236686,"name":"Jaana Hartiala","orcid":"0000-0003-4883-9318","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":108895,"name":"Stanley L. Hazen","orcid":"0000-0001-7124-6639","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236718,"name":"Hooman Allayee","orcid":"0000-0002-2384-5239","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236689,"name":"James R. Hilser","orcid":"0000-0001-5849-7839","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":73,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:56:56.807779Z","pmid":"39381876","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}