{"doi":"10.1159/000502294","title":"The Accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Algorithm for Screening to Detect Major Depression: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis","abstract":"<h4>Background</h4>Screening for major depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) can be done using a cutoff or the PHQ-9 diagnostic algorithm. Many primary studies publish results for only one approach, and previous meta-analyses of the algorithm approach included only a subset of primary studies that collected data and could have published results.<h4>Objective</h4>To use an individual participant data meta-analysis to evaluate the accuracy of two PHQ-9 diagnostic algorithms for detecting major depression and compare accuracy between the algorithms and the standard PHQ-9 cutoff score of ≥10.<h4>Methods</h4>Medline, Medline In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, PsycINFO, Web of Science (January 1, 2000, to February 7, 2015). Eligible studies that classified current major depression status using a validated diagnostic interview.<h4>Results</h4>Data were included for 54 of 72 identified eligible studies (n participants = 16,688, n cases = 2,091). Among studies that used a semi-structured interview, pooled sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval) were 0.57 (0.49, 0.64) and 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) for the original algorithm and 0.61 (0.54, 0.68) and 0.95 (0.93, 0.96) for a modified algorithm. Algorithm sensitivity was 0.22-0.24 lower compared to fully structured interviews and 0.06-0.07 lower compared to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Specificity was similar across reference standards. For PHQ-9 cutoff of ≥10 compared to semi-structured interviews, sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval) were 0.88 (0.82-0.92) and 0.86 (0.82-0.88).<h4>Conclusions</h4>The cutoff score approach appears to be a better option than a PHQ-9 algorithm for detecting major depression.","journal":"Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics","year":2019,"id":10615,"datarank":4.834772760293266,"base_score":4.820281565605037,"endowment":4.820281565605037,"self_citation_contribution":0.7230422348407557,"citation_network_contribution":4.11173052545251,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7230422348407557,"citer_contribution":4.11173052545251,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":123,"citer_count":110,"citers_with_citation_signal":90,"citers_with_endowment":90,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.0469,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2019-10-08","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":2035,"name":"Brooke Levis","orcid":"0000-0002-4310-3689","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2050,"name":"Kira E. Riehm","orcid":"0000-0002-9061-0560","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2049,"name":"Nazanin Saadat","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5049,"name":"Alexander W. Levis","orcid":"0000-0002-8678-0292","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2047,"name":"Marleine Azar","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2046,"name":"Danielle B. Rice","orcid":"0000-0001-5615-7005","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2042,"name":"Ankur Krishnan","orcid":"0000-0001-8671-7421","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2039,"name":"Yin Wu","orcid":"0000-0001-5527-1746","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2040,"name":"Ying Sun","orcid":"0000-0002-8529-3521","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2045,"name":"Mahrukh Imran","orcid":"0000-0002-2478-0182","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2084,"name":"Jill Boruff","orcid":"0000-0002-0338-7322","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2052,"name":"Pim Cuijpers","orcid":"0000-0001-5497-2743","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2053,"name":"Simon Gilbody","orcid":"0000-0002-8236-6983","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2054,"name":"Lorie A. Kloda","orcid":"0000-0003-1429-1497","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3084,"name":"Dean McMillan","orcid":"0000-0002-2901-8410","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2055,"name":"Scott B. Patten","orcid":"0000-0001-9871-4041","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2056,"name":"Ian Shrier","orcid":"0000-0001-9914-3498","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2057,"name":"Roy C. Ziegelstein","orcid":"0000-0001-7671-1501","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16339,"name":"Dickens H. Akena","orcid":null,"position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5985,"name":"Bruce Arroll","orcid":"0000-0002-0451-9462","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16340,"name":"Murray Baron","orcid":"0000-0002-0435-6165","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3089,"name":"Anna Beraldi","orcid":null,"position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5987,"name":"Charles H. Bombardier","orcid":"0000-0003-4758-6283","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5989,"name":"Peter Butterworth","orcid":"0000-0002-1531-3881","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5128,"name":"Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas","orcid":"0000-0003-3752-7984","position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1143,"name":"Juliana C.N. Chan","orcid":"0000-0003-1325-1194","position":30,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16341,"name":"Rushina Cholera","orcid":"0000-0003-2843-3812","position":31,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16342,"name":"Neerja Chowdhary","orcid":"0000-0001-7875-3254","position":32,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5992,"name":"Yeates Conwell","orcid":"0000-0001-8517-2132","position":33,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5061,"name":"Janneke M. de Man-van Ginkel","orcid":null,"position":34,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16343,"name":"Jaime Delgadillo","orcid":"0000-0001-5349-230X","position":35,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3162,"name":"Felix H. Fischer","orcid":"0000-0002-9693-6676","position":36,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5065,"name":"Daniel Fung","orcid":"0000-0003-0718-9363","position":37,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6005,"name":"Catherine G. Greeno","orcid":"0009-0003-0863-9108","position":40,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5072,"name":"Brian J. Hall","orcid":"0000-0001-9358-2377","position":41,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16346,"name":"Patricia A. Harrison","orcid":"0000-0002-8832-2885","position":42,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3113,"name":"Martin Härter","orcid":"0000-0001-7443-9890","position":43,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5075,"name":"Ulrich Hegerl","orcid":"0000-0002-3039-7470","position":44,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5077,"name":"Stevan E. Hobfoll","orcid":"0000-0003-4136-0929","position":46,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5079,"name":"Marie Hudson","orcid":"0000-0001-6718-2468","position":47,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5080,"name":"Thomas N. Hyphantis","orcid":"0000-0002-7647-4312","position":48,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5081,"name":"Masatoshi Inagaki","orcid":"0000-0002-9822-8649","position":49,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3115,"name":"Nathalie Jetté","orcid":"0000-0003-1351-5866","position":51,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5083,"name":"Mohammad E. Khamseh","orcid":"0000-0003-4313-8440","position":52,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6009,"name":"Kim M. Kiely","orcid":"0000-0001-5876-3201","position":53,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5086,"name":"Femke Lamers","orcid":"0000-0003-4344-5766","position":55,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5089,"name":"Shen-Ing Liu","orcid":null,"position":56,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2136,"name":"Bernd Löwe","orcid":"0000-0003-4220-3378","position":59,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":83706,"name":"Guillermo Pita","orcid":"0000-0003-2393-0510","position":60,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6018,"name":"Anthony McGuire","orcid":"0000-0002-2423-8625","position":61,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":44573,"name":"Sherina Mohd-Sidik","orcid":null,"position":62,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5097,"name":"Tiago N. Munhoz","orcid":"0000-0003-1281-9542","position":63,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5139,"name":"Flávia de Lima Osório","orcid":"0000-0003-1396-555X","position":65,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16348,"name":"Vikram Patel","orcid":"0000-0003-1066-8584","position":66,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6027,"name":"Brian W. Pence","orcid":"0000-0001-7321-9538","position":67,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5102,"name":"Philippe Persoons","orcid":"0000-0002-4052-3127","position":68,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3136,"name":"Katrin Reuter","orcid":null,"position":70,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3137,"name":"Alasdair G. Rooney","orcid":"0000-0001-6755-4866","position":71,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":35729,"name":"Iná S. da Silva dos Santos","orcid":null,"position":72,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5108,"name":"Iná S. Santos","orcid":"0000-0003-1258-9249","position":73,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6034,"name":"Abbey Sidebottom","orcid":"0000-0002-5852-3539","position":74,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3146,"name":"Lesley Stafford","orcid":"0000-0002-6460-9881","position":76,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16350,"name":"Sharon Sung","orcid":null,"position":77,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5114,"name":"Pei Lin Lynnette Tan","orcid":"0009-0001-1716-6563","position":78,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3151,"name":"Alyna Turner","orcid":"0000-0001-7389-2546","position":79,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3155,"name":"Jennifer White","orcid":"0000-0003-1235-0916","position":81,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6044,"name":"Mary A. Whooley","orcid":"0000-0002-5943-0078","position":82,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5123,"name":"Mitsuhiko Yamada","orcid":"0000-0002-5649-2310","position":84,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2034,"name":"Brett D. Thombs","orcid":"0000-0002-5644-8432","position":85,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2083,"name":"Andrea Benedetti","orcid":"0000-0002-8314-9497","position":86,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":148,"name":"John P. A. Ioannidis","orcid":"0000-0003-3118-6859","position":87,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5983,"name":"Dickens Akena","orcid":"0000-0002-8886-4553","position":88,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5126,"name":"Hamid Reza Baradaran","orcid":"0000-0002-5070-5864","position":89,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5129,"name":"Janneke M. de Man‐van Ginkel","orcid":"0000-0002-3702-3711","position":90,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":6053,"name":"Felicity Goodyear‐Smith","orcid":"0000-0002-6657-9401","position":92,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5137,"name":"Sônia Regina Loureiro","orcid":"0000-0001-9423-2897","position":93,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5096,"name":"Sherina Mohd Sidik","orcid":"0000-0001-6754-6145","position":94,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5144,"name":"Henk van Weert","orcid":"0000-0001-6370-4724","position":96,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2041,"name":"Chen He","orcid":"0000-0002-7308-0350","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":45,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}