{"doi":"10.1159/000447692","title":"A Critical Evaluation of Anti-IL-13 and Anti-IL-4 Strategies in Severe Asthma","abstract":"<jats:p>Asthma is a high-prevalence disease, still accounting for mortality and high direct and indirect costs. It is now recognized that, despite the implementation of guidelines, a large proportion of cases remain not controlled. Certainly, adherence to therapy and the education of patients remain the primary objective, but the increasingly detailed knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms and new biotechnologies offer the opportunity to better address and treat the disease. Interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-4 appear as the most suitable targets to treat the T helper 2 (TH2)-mediated forms (endotypes) of asthma. IL-13 and IL-4 partly share the same receptor and signaling pathways and both are deeply involved in immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis, eosinophil activation, mucus secretion and airways remodeling. Several anti-IL-13 strategies have been proposed (anrukinzumab, lebrikizunab and tralokinumab), with relevant clinical results reported with lebrikizumab. Such studies facilitate better definition of the possible predictive markers of response to a specific treatment (e.g. eosinophils, total IgE, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and periostin). In parallel, anti-IL-4 strategies have been attempted (pascolizumab, pitakinra and dupilumab). So far, dupilumab was reported capable of reducing the severity of asthma and the rate of exacerbations. IL-13 and IL-4 are crucial in TH2-mediated inflammation in asthma, but it remains clear that only specific endotypes respond to these treatments. Although the use of anti-IL-14 and anti-IL-13 strategies is promising, the search for appropriate predictive biomarkers is urgently needed to better apply biological treatments.</jats:p>","journal":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","year":2016,"id":674220,"datarank":0.8069846030310691,"base_score":5.37989735354046,"endowment":5.37989735354046,"self_citation_contribution":0.8069846030310691,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8069846030310691,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":216,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1761560,"name":"Matteo Ferrando","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":318684,"name":"Gilda Varricchi","orcid":"0000-0002-9285-4657","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1761561,"name":"Giovanni Passalacqua","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":690611,"name":"Giorgio Walter Canonica","orcid":"0000-0001-8467-2557","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1678638,"name":"Diego Bagnasco","orcid":"0000-0002-3661-5731","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"A Critical Evaluation of Anti-IL-13 and Anti-IL-4 Strategies in Severe Asthma","abstract":"<jats:p>Asthma is a high-prevalence disease, still accounting for mortality and high direct and indirect costs. It is now recognized that, despite the implementation of guidelines, a large proportion of cases remain not controlled. Certainly, adherence to therapy and the education of patients remain the primary objective, but the increasingly detailed knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms and new biotechnologies offer the opportunity to better address and treat the disease. Interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-4 appear as the most suitable targets to treat the T helper 2 (TH2)-mediated forms (endotypes) of asthma. IL-13 and IL-4 partly share the same receptor and signaling pathways and both are deeply involved in immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis, eosinophil activation, mucus secretion and airways remodeling. Several anti-IL-13 strategies have been proposed (anrukinzumab, lebrikizunab and tralokinumab), with relevant clinical results reported with lebrikizumab. Such studies facilitate better definition of the possible predictive markers of response to a specific treatment (e.g. eosinophils, total IgE, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and periostin). In parallel, anti-IL-4 strategies have been attempted (pascolizumab, pitakinra and dupilumab). So far, dupilumab was reported capable of reducing the severity of asthma and the rate of exacerbations. IL-13 and IL-4 are crucial in TH2-mediated inflammation in asthma, but it remains clear that only specific endotypes respond to these treatments. Although the use of anti-IL-14 and anti-IL-13 strategies is promising, the search for appropriate predictive biomarkers is urgently needed to better apply biological treatments.</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.37989735354046,"endowment":5.37989735354046,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"27637004","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2480571942","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":15.7063,"citation_percentile":0.99461917,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2016,"count":2},{"year":2017,"count":19},{"year":2018,"count":28},{"year":2019,"count":35},{"year":2020,"count":35},{"year":2021,"count":24},{"year":2022,"count":23},{"year":2023,"count":17},{"year":2024,"count":16},{"year":2025,"count":11},{"year":2026,"count":6}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"https://karger.com/pages/terms-and-conditions","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://karger.com/iaa/article-pdf/170/2/122/3895505/000447692.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://karger.com/iaa/article-pdf/170/2/122/3895505/000447692.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/447692","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000447692","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27637004","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/861279","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/193272","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.193272","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Asthma and respiratory diseases","IL-33, ST2, and ILC Pathways","Eosinophilic Esophagitis","Anti-Asthmatic Agents","Antibodies, Monoclonal","Asthma","Biomarkers","Humans","Interleukin-13","Interleukin-4","Precision Medicine","Receptors, Interleukin-13","Receptors, Interleukin-4","Severity of Illness Index","Signal Transduction","T-Lymphocyte Subsets","Th2 Cells"],"mesh_terms":["Antibodies, Monoclonal","Asthma","Humans","Severity of Illness Index","Signal Transduction","Biomarkers","Interleukin-4","T-Lymphocyte Subsets","Th2 Cells","Interleukin-13","Anti-Asthmatic Agents","Receptors, Interleukin-4","Receptors, Interleukin-13","Precision Medicine"],"keywords":["Dupilumab","Asthma","Medicine","Immunology","Exhaled nitric oxide","Endotype","Periostin","Immunoglobulin E","Eosinophil","Interleukin 13","Disease","Interleukin 5","Allergy","Interleukin","Antibody","Cytokine","Internal medicine","Biology"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-16T16:06:44.568293Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}