{"doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00299.2013","title":"Time and volume dependence of dead space in healthy and surfactant-depleted rat lungs during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation","abstract":"<jats:p> Volumetric capnography is a standard method to determine pulmonary dead space. Hereby, measured carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) in exhaled gas volume is analyzed using the single-breath diagram for CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>. Unfortunately, most existing CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> sensors do not work with the low tidal volumes found in small animals. Therefore, in this study, we developed a new mainstream capnograph designed for the utilization in small animals like rats. The sensor was used for determination of dead space volume in healthy and surfactant-depleted rats ( n = 62) during spontaneous breathing (SB) and mechanical ventilation (MV) at three different tidal volumes: 5, 8, and 11 ml/kg. Absolute dead space and wasted ventilation (dead space volume in relation to tidal volume) were determined over a period of 1 h. Dead space increase and reversibility of the increase was investigated during MV with different tidal volumes and during SB. During SB, the dead space volume was 0.21 ± 0.14 ml and increased significantly at MV to 0.39 ± 0.03 ml at a tidal volume of 5 ml/kg and to 0.6 ± 0.08 ml at a tidal volume of 8 and 11 ml/kg. Dead space and wasted ventilation during MV increased with tidal volume. This increase was mostly reversible by switching back to SB. Surfactant depletion had no further influence on the dead space increase during MV, but impaired the reversibility of the dead space increase. </jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Applied Physiology","year":2013,"id":621922,"datarank":0.24141568686511508,"base_score":1.6094379124341003,"endowment":1.6094379124341003,"self_citation_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1606241,"name":"David Schwenninger","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1606242,"name":"Hanna Runck","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1606243,"name":"Josef Guttmann","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1606240,"name":"Constanze Dassow","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Time and volume dependence of dead space in healthy and surfactant-depleted rat lungs during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation","abstract":"<jats:p> Volumetric capnography is a standard method to determine pulmonary dead space. Hereby, measured carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) in exhaled gas volume is analyzed using the single-breath diagram for CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>. Unfortunately, most existing CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> sensors do not work with the low tidal volumes found in small animals. Therefore, in this study, we developed a new mainstream capnograph designed for the utilization in small animals like rats. The sensor was used for determination of dead space volume in healthy and surfactant-depleted rats ( n = 62) during spontaneous breathing (SB) and mechanical ventilation (MV) at three different tidal volumes: 5, 8, and 11 ml/kg. Absolute dead space and wasted ventilation (dead space volume in relation to tidal volume) were determined over a period of 1 h. Dead space increase and reversibility of the increase was investigated during MV with different tidal volumes and during SB. During SB, the dead space volume was 0.21 ± 0.14 ml and increased significantly at MV to 0.39 ± 0.03 ml at a tidal volume of 5 ml/kg and to 0.6 ± 0.08 ml at a tidal volume of 8 and 11 ml/kg. Dead space and wasted ventilation during MV increased with tidal volume. This increase was mostly reversible by switching back to SB. Surfactant depletion had no further influence on the dead space increase during MV, but impaired the reversibility of the dead space increase. </jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":1.6094379124341003,"endowment":1.6094379124341003,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"23950167","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1983339541","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.4364,"citation_percentile":0.66943922,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2014,"count":1},{"year":2015,"count":1},{"year":2019,"count":1},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.00299.2013","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00299.2013","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23950167","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Respiratory Support and Mechanisms","Neuroscience of respiration and sleep","Neonatal Respiratory Health Research","Animals","Capnography","Carbon Dioxide","Lung","Pulmonary Gas Exchange","Pulmonary Surfactants","Rats","Rats, Wistar","Respiration","Respiration, Artificial","Respiratory Dead Space","Tidal Volume"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Carbon Dioxide","Lung","Pulmonary Gas Exchange","Pulmonary Surfactants","Respiration","Respiration, Artificial","Respiratory Dead Space","Tidal Volume","Rats, Wistar","Capnography","Rats"],"keywords":["Dead space","Tidal volume","Ventilation (architecture)","Volume (thermodynamics)","Respiratory minute volume","Capnography","Chemistry","Pulmonary surfactant","Respiration","Anesthesia","Respiratory system","Mechanical ventilation","Medicine","Internal medicine","Anatomy","Physics","Thermodynamics","Co2 Sensor","Surfactant Depletion","Fowler's Method","Mainstream Capnography","Single-breath Diagram"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Life below water"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-03T16:53:31.151425Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}