{"doi":"10.1146/annurev-biochem-072909-094736","title":"Development of Probes for Cellular Functions Using Fluorescent Proteins and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer","abstract":"<jats:p> Many genetically encoded probes that employ fluorescent proteins and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been developed to better understand the spatiotemporal regulation of various cellular processes. The different types of FRET and measurement techniques necessitate characterization of their specific features. Here I provide theoretical and practical comparisons of bimolecular and unimolecular FRET constructs, intensity-based and lifetime-based FRET measurements, FRET imaging using live- and fixed-cell samples, green fluorescent protein–based and chemical fluorophore-based FRET, and FRET efficiency and indices. The potential benefits and limitations of a variety of features in the technologies using fluorescent proteins and FRET are discussed. </jats:p>","journal":"Annual Review of Biochemistry","year":2011,"id":26140,"datarank":9.547303030691126,"base_score":5.4680601411351315,"endowment":5.4680601411351315,"self_citation_contribution":0.8202090211702698,"citation_network_contribution":8.727094009520856,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8202090211702698,"citer_contribution":8.727094009520856,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":236,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":194,"citers_with_endowment":194,"datacite_reuse_total":10,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":44850,"name":"Atsushi Miyawaki","orcid":"0000-0002-0671-4376","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":5.4680601411351315,"endowment":5.4680601411351315,"datacite_reuse_total":10,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"21529159","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2146292829","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":28.548,"citation_percentile":0.99678348,"influential_citations":6,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":26},{"year":2013,"count":28},{"year":2014,"count":23},{"year":2015,"count":24},{"year":2016,"count":15},{"year":2017,"count":10},{"year":2018,"count":7},{"year":2019,"count":11},{"year":2020,"count":10},{"year":2021,"count":23},{"year":2022,"count":15},{"year":2023,"count":13},{"year":2024,"count":16},{"year":2025,"count":8},{"year":2026,"count":3}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-biochem-072909-094736","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-072909-094736","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21529159","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","Biotin and Related Studies","Click Chemistry and Applications","Medicine","Chemistry","Biology","Animals","Cell Physiological Phenomena","Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer","Fluorescent Dyes","Green Fluorescent Proteins","Microscopy, Fluorescence","Models, Molecular","Protein Conformation","Proteins"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Cell Physiological Phenomena","Fluorescent Dyes","Microscopy, Fluorescence","Models, Molecular","Protein Conformation","Proteins","Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer","Green Fluorescent Proteins"],"keywords":["Förster resonance energy transfer","Fluorophore","Fluorescence","Fluorescence in the life sciences","Biophysics","Green fluorescent protein","Chemistry","Energy transfer","Nanotechnology","Biology","Biochemistry","Materials science","Chemical physics","Physics"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Affordable and clean 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