{"doi":"10.1145/3649902.3653939","title":"Characterizing Learners' Complex Attentional States During Online Multimedia Learning Using Eye-tracking, Egocentric Camera, Webcam, and Retrospective recalls","abstract":"As online learning becomes increasingly ubiquitous, a key challenge is maintaining learners' sustained attention. Using eye-tracking, together with observing and interviewing learners, we can characterize both 1) whether they are looking at their learning materials, and 2) whether they are thinking about them. Critically, eye-tracking only speaks to the first distinction, not the second. To overcome this limitation, we supplemented eye-tracking with an egocentric camera, a webcam, a retrospective recall, and mind-wandering probes to capture a 2×2 matrix of attentional/cognitive states. We then categorized N=101 learners' attentional/cognitive states while they completed a multimedia physics module. This meets two goals: 1) allowing basic research to understand the relationship between attentional/cognitive states and behavioral outcomes; and 2) facilitating applied research by generating rich ground truth for future use in training machine learning to categorize this 2×2 set of attentional states, for which eye-tracking is necessary, but not sufficient.","journal":"PubMed","year":2024,"id":485574,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9568,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1328586,"name":"Yifeng Huang","orcid":"0009-0003-9027-5963","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1329089,"name":"Jeremy Munsell","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":975801,"name":"Brian C. Howatt","orcid":"0000-0001-9195-4712","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1328587,"name":"B. B. Wallace","orcid":"0009-0003-1451-8994","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1328588,"name":"L.J. Wilson","orcid":"0009-0005-6633-6388","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1328589,"name":"Sidney K. D’Mello","orcid":"0000-0003-0347-2807","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1329090,"name":"Minh Hoai","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1328590,"name":"N. Sanjay Rebello","orcid":"0009-0002-0194-5017","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":716898,"name":"Lester C. Loschky","orcid":"0000-0003-4678-0666","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1328585,"name":"Prasanth Chandran","orcid":"0009-0006-0470-1519","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":27,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:07:52.536246Z","pmid":"40166128","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}