{"doi":"10.1136/jitc-2024-010376","title":"Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer","abstract":"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all living cells and are present in all body fluids. EVs are heterogeneous in size, biogenesis, molecular/genetic content and functions. They constitute a part of the intercellular communication system. Among them, a subset of small EVs (sEVs) (30-150 nm) originating in the tumor cell endosomes and often referred to as \"tumor cell-derived exosomes\" have been of special interest. Tumors have adapted sEV they produce to promoting their own survival. Plasma of patients with cancer contains variably elevated numbers of tumor-derived sEV called \"TEX,\" which differ from circulating sEV produced by non-malignant cells by the immunosuppressive phenotype and the molecular/genetic content. Immunosuppressive molecular profiles and abilities to signal, enter and functionally reprogram a variety of recipient cells enable TEX to exert pro-tumor effects that promote tumor resistance to immunotherapy. This review describes phenotypic and functional attributes of TEX that underline their reprogramming capabilities. It also considers mechanisms responsible for TEX pro-tumor activities and the potential significance of TEX signaling for responses of patients with cancer to immune therapies.","journal":"Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer","year":2025,"id":516379,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9568,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":225451,"name":"Theresa L. Whiteside","orcid":"0000-0001-7316-6181","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":28,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:48:49.486328Z","pmid":"39855711","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}