{"doi":"10.1136/jech-2020-213761","title":"Abstinence-contingent wage supplements to promote drug abstinence and employment: a randomised controlled trial","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Poverty, unemployment and substance abuse are inter-related problems. This study evaluated the effectiveness of abstinence-contingent wage supplements in promoting drug abstinence and employment in unemployed adults in outpatient treatment for opioid use disorder. METHODS: A randomised controlled trial was conducted in Baltimore, MD, from 2014 to 2019. After a 3-month abstinence initiation and training period, participants (n=91) were randomly assigned to a usual care control group that received employment services or to an abstinence-contingent wage supplement group that received employment services plus abstinence-contingent wage supplements. All participants were invited to work with an employment specialist to seek employment in a community job for 12 months. Abstinence-contingent wage supplement participants could earn training stipends for working with the employment specialist and wage supplements for working in a community job, but had to provide opiate and cocaine-negative urine samples to maximise pay. RESULTS: Abstinence-contingent wage supplement participants provided significantly more opiate and cocaine-negative urine samples than usual care control participants (65% vs 45%; OR=2.29, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.30, p=0.01) during the 12-month intervention. Abstinence-contingent wage supplement participants were significantly more likely to have obtained employment (59% vs 28%; OR=3.88, 95% CI 1.60 to 9.41, p=0.004) and lived out of poverty (61% vs 30%; OR=3.77, 95% CI 1.57 to 9.04, p=0.004) by the end of the 12-month intervention than usual care control participants. CONCLUSION: Abstinence-contingent wage supplements can promote drug abstinence and employment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02487745.","journal":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","year":2020,"id":75207,"datarank":0.6176496939346736,"base_score":3.295836866004329,"endowment":3.295836866004329,"self_citation_contribution":0.4943755299006494,"citation_network_contribution":0.12327416403402425,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4943755299006494,"citer_contribution":0.12327416403402425,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":26,"citer_count":9,"citers_with_citation_signal":6,"citers_with_endowment":6,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9549,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"ClinicalTrials.gov":["NCT02487745"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":384775,"name":"Forrest Toegel","orcid":"0000-0003-4644-5788","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":384777,"name":"Shrinidhi Subramaniam","orcid":"0000-0003-4273-7935","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":392754,"name":"Brantley P. Jarvis","orcid":"0000-0003-0184-921X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":361063,"name":"Jeannie‐Marie Leoutsakos","orcid":"0000-0002-1010-1046","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":392755,"name":"Michael Fingerhood","orcid":"0000-0002-9594-6215","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":384778,"name":"Kenneth Silverman","orcid":"0000-0003-2724-1413","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299650,"name":"August F. Holtyn","orcid":"0000-0002-6689-9296","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":45,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:46:33.313355Z","pmid":"32086373","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}