{"doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035376","title":"Place, poverty and prescriptions: a cross-sectional study using Area Deprivation Index to assess opioid use and drug-poisoning mortality in the USA from 2012 to 2017","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationships between county-level area deprivation and patterns of both opioid prescriptions and drug-poisoning mortality. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: For this retrospective cross-sectional study, we used the IQVIA Xponent data to capture opioid prescriptions and Centres for Disease Control and Prevention National Vital Statistics System to assess drug-poisoning mortality. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) is a composite measure of social determinants of health comprised of 17 US census indicators, spanning four socioeconomic domains. For all US counties with available opioid prescription (2712 counties) and drug-poisoning mortality (3133 counties) data between 2012 and 2017, we used negative binomial regression to examine the association between quintiles of county-level ADI and the rates of opioid prescriptions and drug-poisoning mortality adjusted for year, age, race and sex. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: County-level opioid prescription fills and drug-poisoning mortality. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2017, overall rates of opioid prescriptions decreased from 96.6 to 72.2 per 100 people, while the rates of drug-poisoning mortality increased from 14.3 to 22.8 per 100 000 people. Opioid prescription and drug-poisoning mortality rates were consistently higher with greater levels of deprivation. The risk of filling an opioid prescription was 72% higher, and the risk of drug-poisoning mortality was 36% higher, for most deprived compared with the least deprived counties (both p<0.001). DISCUSSION: Counties with greater area-level deprivation have higher rates of filled opioid prescriptions and drug-poisoning mortality. Although opioid prescription rates declined across all ADI quintiles, the rates of drug-poisoning mortality continued to rise proportionately in each ADI quintile. This underscores the need for individualised and targeted interventions that consider the deprivation of communities where people live.","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2020,"id":58475,"datarank":2.2487068844979965,"base_score":4.290459441148391,"endowment":4.290459441148391,"self_citation_contribution":0.6435689161722588,"citation_network_contribution":1.6051379683257379,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6435689161722588,"citer_contribution":1.6051379683257379,"corpus_percentile":90.50823857043397,"corpus_rank":1228,"citation_count":72,"citer_count":55,"citers_with_citation_signal":43,"citers_with_endowment":43,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6271,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":20.8333,"fair_percentile":36.38031183124427,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":306790,"name":"Rozalina G. McCoy","orcid":"0000-0002-2289-3183","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":306791,"name":"Jonathan Inselman","orcid":"0000-0001-8802-9104","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":306792,"name":"Molly M. Jeffery","orcid":"0000-0003-3854-6810","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":306793,"name":"Sagar Chawla","orcid":"0000-0003-1431-0766","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":233935,"name":"Lila J. Finney Rutten","orcid":"0000-0001-7487-9407","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":306794,"name":"Rachel Giblon","orcid":"0009-0007-0110-8557","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":63694,"name":"Nilay D. Shah","orcid":"0000-0002-8597-3447","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":306789,"name":"Shaheen Kurani","orcid":"0000-0003-2366-7505","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":41,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:07:33.416320Z","pmid":"32423933","pmcid":"PMC7239546","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":11.1111,"fair_a":75.0,"fair_i":40.0,"fair_r":33.3333,"fair_zscore":-0.5389,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":20.83,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":11.11,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No persistent identifier is assigned to the study's own dataset.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"Data are available in a public, open access repository.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper does not name a specific repository; the statement is vague and the only concrete route is the author. 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[majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":33.33,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No license is stated for the data; the CC BY-NC license applies only to the article. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. 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