{"doi":"10.1128/spectrum.05163-22","title":"Vaccination and Omicron BA.1/BA.2 Convalescence Enhance Systemic but Not Mucosal Immunity against BA.4/5","abstract":"Rising incidences of breakthrough infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 have been observed. Although various studies were conducted investigating neutralizing antibodies in sera, mucosal immunity was barely evaluated. Here, we investigated mucosal immunity, since the presence of neutralizing antibodies at mucosal entry sites plays a fundamental role in disease limitation. We found strong induction of serum IgG/IgA, salivary IgA, and neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus in vaccinated/convalescent subjects but detected 10-fold reduced (albeit positive) serum neutralization against BA.4/5. Interestingly, vaccinated and BA.2 convalescent patients demonstrated the greatest serum neutralization against BA.4/5, but this advantageous neutralizing effect was not observed in the saliva. Our data support the contention that current COVID-19 vaccines are very efficient against severe/critical disease progression. Moreover, these results suggest an adjustment of the current vaccine strategy to adapted and alternative vaccine delivery, such as mucosal booster vaccinations, to establish robust sterilizing immunity against novel SARS-CoV-2 variants.","journal":"Microbiology Spectrum","year":2023,"id":376845,"datarank":0.20794415416798362,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"self_citation_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9625,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":947265,"name":"Michael Jäger","orcid":"0000-0002-8692-1657","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":817336,"name":"Stefanie Dichtl","orcid":"0000-0002-7657-329X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":667889,"name":"Angelika Bauer","orcid":"0000-0003-2413-3425","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235822,"name":"Cornelia Lass‐Flörl","orcid":"0000-0002-2946-7785","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236494,"name":"Markus Reindl","orcid":"0000-0003-2817-1402","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":667893,"name":"Doris Wilflingseder","orcid":"0000-0002-5888-5118","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":667894,"name":"Wilfried Posch","orcid":"0000-0001-8955-7654","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":667887,"name":"Gabriel Diem","orcid":"0000-0002-8737-005X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":31,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:16:32.368674Z","pmid":"37098903","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}