{"doi":"10.1128/mbio.02136-21","title":"Protospacer-Adjacent Motif Specificity during Clostridioides difficile Type I-B CRISPR-Cas Interference and Adaptation","abstract":"CRISPR-Cas systems provide prokaryotes with adaptive immunity for defense against foreign nucleic acid invaders, such as viruses or phages and plasmids. The CRISPR-Cas systems are highly diverse, and detailed studies of individual CRISPR-Cas subtypes are important for our understanding of various aspects of microbial adaptation strategies and for the potential applications. The significance of our work is in providing the first experimental evidence for type I-B CRISPR-Cas system adaptation in the emerging human enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile. This bacterium needs to survive in phage-rich gut communities, and its active CRISPR-Cas system might provide efficient antiphage defense by acquiring new spacers that constitute memory for further invader elimination. Our study also reveals a functional link between the adaptation and interference CRISPR machineries. The definition of all possible functional trinucleotide motifs upstream protospacers within foreign nucleic acid sequences is important for CRISPR-based genome editing in this pathogen and for developing new drugs against C. difficile infections.","journal":"mBio","year":2021,"id":190245,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":14,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9486,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":753817,"name":"Pierre Boudry","orcid":"0000-0003-1225-510X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":753818,"name":"Anna Shiriaeva","orcid":"0000-0002-4271-1658","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":753819,"name":"Aleksandra Vasileva","orcid":"0000-0002-0070-4898","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":754297,"name":"Anaïs Boutserin","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":484247,"name":"Sofia Medvedeva","orcid":"0000-0002-7841-0814","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":57615,"name":"Ekaterina Semenova","orcid":"0000-0001-6816-8879","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":57617,"name":"Konstantin Severinov","orcid":"0000-0001-9706-450X","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":584207,"name":"Olga Soutourina","orcid":"0000-0001-6439-7228","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":753816,"name":"Anna Maikova","orcid":"0000-0002-0222-9939","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":70,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:49:22.671571Z","pmid":"34425703","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}