{"doi":"10.1128/mbio.00782-20","title":"Convergent Evolution of HLA-C Downmodulation in HIV-1 and HIV-2","abstract":"T cell counts in HIV-infected individuals. On the one hand, efficient HLA-C expression enables the killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). On the other hand, HLA-C sends inhibitory signals to natural killer (NK) cells and enhances the infectivity of newly produced HIV particles. HIV-1 group M viruses modulate HLA-C expression using the accessory protein Vpu, possibly to balance CTL- and NK cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we show that the second human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-2, can use its accessory protein Vif to evade HLA-C-mediated restriction. Furthermore, our mutational analyses provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. In summary, our results reveal how the two human AIDS viruses modulate HLA-C, a key component of the antiviral immune response.","journal":"mBio","year":2020,"id":73259,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":13,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9528,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":241566,"name":"Jonathan Richard","orcid":"0000-0002-9015-9589","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":386592,"name":"Christina M. Stürzel","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283215,"name":"Frédéric Bibollet‐Ruche","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":318430,"name":"Richard Apps","orcid":"0000-0001-5140-0141","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":386593,"name":"Marie Leoz","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":385540,"name":"Jean‐Christophe Plantier","orcid":"0000-0001-6417-4083","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":91120,"name":"Beatrice H. Hahn","orcid":"0000-0002-9400-9887","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":241588,"name":"Andrés Finzi","orcid":"0000-0002-4992-5288","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":350334,"name":"Frank Kirchhoff","orcid":"0000-0002-7052-2360","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":381612,"name":"Daniel Sauter","orcid":"0000-0001-7665-0040","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":385539,"name":"Kristina Hopfensperger","orcid":"0000-0002-6381-7988","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":94,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:45:32.034078Z","pmid":"32665270","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}