{"doi":"10.1128/jvi.68.4.2677-2682.1994","title":"The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein transactivates tumor necrosis factor beta gene expression through a TAR-like structure","abstract":"<jats:p>We have previously shown that the Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivates tumor necrosis factor alpha and beta (TNF alpha and TNF beta) gene expression in HIV-1-infected and in tat-transfected T-lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines. The product encoded by the first exon of the tat gene (amino acids 1 to 72) is sufficient for this transactivation. Here we show that (i) the NF-kappa B and Sp1 binding sites of the TNF beta promoter are required for Tat-mediated transactivation and (ii) a predicted stem-loop structure in the TNF beta mRNA leader region, which resembles the Tat-responsive element of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (TAR) and which is therefore termed TAR-like, is essential for TNF beta transactivation by Tat. These data suggest that similar promoter regulatory elements are necessary for Tat-mediated transactivation of both TNF beta and HIV-1 gene expression. This represents the first demonstration of a cellular gene with a regulatory element downstream of the transcriptional initiation site that, like TAR, may function as an RNA element.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Virology","year":1994,"id":14532,"datarank":4.419854393237508,"base_score":4.804021044733257,"endowment":4.804021044733257,"self_citation_contribution":0.7206031567099886,"citation_network_contribution":3.6992512365275196,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7206031567099886,"citer_contribution":3.6992512365275196,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":121,"citer_count":103,"citers_with_citation_signal":93,"citers_with_endowment":93,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":114384,"name":"F M Buonaguro","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":114385,"name":"G Giraldo","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":114386,"name":"B Ensoli","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":114383,"name":"L Buonaguro","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":4.804021044733257,"endowment":4.804021044733257,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"8139045","pmcid":"PMC236745","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1560943379","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":3.3623,"citation_percentile":0.92712692,"influential_citations":3,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":2},{"year":2013,"count":4},{"year":2014,"count":3},{"year":2015,"count":3},{"year":2017,"count":4},{"year":2019,"count":1},{"year":2020,"count":2},{"year":2022,"count":8},{"year":2023,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":4}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/68/4/2677.full.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/68/4/2677.full.pdf","host_type":"BRONZE"},{"url":"https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/68/4/2677.full.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/jvi.68.4.2677-2682.1994","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.68.4.2677-2682.1994","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8139045","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC236745","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/236745","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["HIV Research and Treatment","Viral Infections and Immunology Research","RNA Research and Splicing","Medicine","Biology","Base Sequence","Gene Expression Regulation","Gene Products, tat","Gene Products, tax","HIV-1","Humans","Lymphotoxin-alpha","Molecular Sequence Data","Promoter Regions, Genetic","Sequence Analysis, DNA","Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate","Transcriptional Activation","tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"mesh_terms":["Base Sequence","Gene Expression Regulation","Humans","Lymphotoxin-alpha","Molecular Sequence Data","Promoter Regions, Genetic","Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate","HIV-1","Transcriptional Activation","Gene Products, tat","Gene Products, tax","Sequence Analysis, DNA","tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"keywords":["Transactivation","Biology","HIV Long Terminal Repeat","Long terminal repeat","Molecular biology","Gene expression","Gene product","Gene","Exon","Regulation of gene expression","Tumor necrosis factor alpha","Genetics","Immunology"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-01T11:40:36.038785Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}