{"doi":"10.1128/jvi.02073-06","title":"The Old World and New World Alphaviruses Use Different Virus-Specific Proteins for Induction of Transcriptional Shutoff","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Alphaviruses\nare widely distributed throughout the world. During the last few\nthousand years, the New World viruses, including Venezuelan equine\nencephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV),\nevolved separately from those of the Old World, i.e., Sindbis virus\n(SINV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Nevertheless, the results of our\nstudy indicate that both groups have developed the same characteristic:\ntheir replication efficiently interferes with cellular transcription\nand the cell response to virus replication. Transcriptional shutoff\ncaused by at least two of the Old World alphaviruses, SINV and SFV,\nwhich belong to different serological complexes, depends on nsP2, but\nnot on the capsid protein, functioning. Our data suggest that the New\nWorld alphaviruses VEEV and EEEV developed an alternative mechanism of\ntranscription inhibition that is mainly determined by their capsid\nprotein, but not by the nsP2. The ability of the VEEV capsid to inhibit\ncellular transcription appears to be controlled by the amino-terminal\nfragment of the protein, but not by its protease activity or by the\npositively charged RNA-binding domain. These data provide new insights\ninto alphavirus evolution and present a plausible explanation for the\nparticular recombination events that led to the formation of western\nequine encephalitis virus (WEEV) from SINV- and EEEV-like ancestors.\nThe recombination allowed WEEV to acquire capsid protein functioning in\ntranscription inhibition from EEEV-like virus. Identification of the\nnew functions in the New World alphavirus-derived capsids opens an\nopportunity for developing new, safer alphavirus-based gene expression\nsystems and designing new types of attenuated vaccine strains of VEEV\nand\nEEEV.</jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Virology","year":2007,"id":17269,"datarank":8.837702022154836,"base_score":5.707110264748875,"endowment":5.707110264748875,"self_citation_contribution":0.8560665397123315,"citation_network_contribution":7.981635482442504,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8560665397123315,"citer_contribution":7.981635482442504,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":300,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":8,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":124130,"name":"Rodion Gorchakov","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":124131,"name":"Eugenia Volkova","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":124132,"name":"Slobodan Paessler","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":124133,"name":"Elena Frolova","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":124134,"name":"Ilya Frolov","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-2517","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":124129,"name":"Natalia Garmashova","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":5.707110264748875,"endowment":5.707110264748875,"datacite_reuse_total":8,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"17108023","pmcid":"PMC1865960","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2118814257","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"R21 AI050537","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"K08 AI059491","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"AI 050537","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIAID NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AI050537","title":null}],"total_grants":4,"fwci":13.3115,"citation_percentile":0.99064469,"influential_citations":17,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":11},{"year":2013,"count":15},{"year":2014,"count":17},{"year":2015,"count":14},{"year":2016,"count":13},{"year":2017,"count":13},{"year":2018,"count":18},{"year":2019,"count":18},{"year":2020,"count":15},{"year":2021,"count":14},{"year":2022,"count":23},{"year":2023,"count":17},{"year":2024,"count":26},{"year":2025,"count":11},{"year":2026,"count":7}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1865960?pdf=render","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/JVI.02073-06","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02073-06","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17108023","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1865960","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Mosquito-borne diseases and control","Viral Infections and Vectors","Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","Biology","Medicine","Alphavirus","Alphavirus Infections","Amino Acid Sequence","Animals","Capsid Proteins","Cell Line","Cell Survival","Cricetinae","Cysteine Endopeptidases","Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine","Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine","Evolution, Molecular","Mice","Molecular Sequence Data","NIH 3T3 Cells","Replicon","Semliki forest virus","Sequence Homology, Amino Acid","Sindbis Virus","Species Specificity","Transcription, Genetic","Viral Proteins","Virus Replication"],"mesh_terms":["Alphavirus","Amino Acid Sequence","Animals","Cell Line","Cell Survival","Cysteine Endopeptidases","Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine","Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine","Cricetinae","Molecular Sequence Data","Replicon","Semliki forest virus","Sindbis Virus","Species Specificity","Transcription, Genetic","Viral Proteins","Virus Replication","Sequence Homology, Amino Acid","Alphavirus Infections","Evolution, Molecular","Capsid Proteins","NIH 3T3 Cells","Mice"],"keywords":["Alphavirus","Biology","Sindbis virus","Capsid","Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","Virology","Togaviridae","Semliki Forest virus","Transcription (linguistics)","Virus","Viral replication","Genetics","Gene","RNA"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Life in Land"}],"linked_datasets":[{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.25017847.v1","title":"Additional file 1 of Post-exposure intranasal IFNα suppresses replication and neuroinvasion of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus within olfactory sensory neurons","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.25017847","title":"Additional file 1 of Post-exposure intranasal IFNα suppresses replication and neuroinvasion of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus within olfactory sensory neurons","publisher":"figshare","resource_type":"JournalArticle"},{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.25017934.v1","title":"Additional file 2 of 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