{"doi":"10.1128/jvi.00306-11","title":"Duck Hepatitis A Virus Possesses a Distinct Type IV Internal Ribosome Entry Site Element of Picornavirus","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Sequence analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) led to its classification as the only member of a new genus,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Avihepatovirus</jats:named-content>\n            , of the family\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Picornaviridae</jats:named-content>\n            , and so was renamed duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV). The 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) plays an important role in translation initiation and RNA synthesis of the picornavirus. Here, we provide evidence that the 651-nucleotide (nt)-long 5′ UTR of DHAV genome contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element that functions efficiently\n            <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>\n            and within BHK cells. Comparative sequence analysis showed that the 3′ part of the DHAV 5′ UTR is similar to the porcine teschovirus 1 (PTV-1) IRES in sequence and predicted secondary structure. Further mutational analyses of the predicted domain IIId, domain IIIe, and pseudoknot structure at the 3′ end of the DHAV IRES support our predicted secondary structure. However, unlike the case for the PTV-1 IRES element, analysis of various deletion mutants demonstrated that the optimally functional DHAV IRES element with a size of approximately 420 nt is larger than that of PTV-1 and contains other peripheral domains (Id and Ie) that do not exist within the type IV IRES elements. The domain Ie, however, could be removed without significant loss of activity. Surprisingly, like the hepatitis A virus (HAV) IRES element, the activity of DHAV IRES could be eliminated by expression of enterovirus 2A protease. These findings indicate that the DHAV IRES shares common features with type IV picornavirus IRES elements, whereas it exhibits significant differences from type IV IRESs. Therefore, we propose that DHAV possesses a distinct type IV IRES element of picornavirus.\n          </jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Virology","year":2012,"id":23447,"datarank":2.5809584545602267,"base_score":3.784189633918261,"endowment":3.784189633918261,"self_citation_contribution":0.5676284450877392,"citation_network_contribution":2.0133300094724875,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5676284450877392,"citer_contribution":2.0133300094724875,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":43,"citer_count":41,"citers_with_citation_signal":37,"citers_with_endowment":37,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":143930,"name":"Xiaorong Yang","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":32535,"name":"Lei Zhou","orcid":"0000-0002-6640-0774","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":143931,"name":"Xinna Ge","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":143932,"name":"Xin Guo","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":124064,"name":"Jinhua Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-4128-1043","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":143933,"name":"Dabing Zhang","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":143934,"name":"Hanchun Yang","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":114584,"name":"Meng Pan","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":3.784189633918261,"endowment":3.784189633918261,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"22090106","pmcid":"PMC3255860","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2115470479","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.1877,"citation_percentile":0.81837722,"influential_citations":2,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":1},{"year":2013,"count":1},{"year":2014,"count":4},{"year":2015,"count":5},{"year":2016,"count":3},{"year":2017,"count":3},{"year":2018,"count":4},{"year":2019,"count":3},{"year":2020,"count":4},{"year":2021,"count":4},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":4},{"year":2025,"count":3},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"bronze","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/86/2/1129.full.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/86/2/1129.full.pdf","host_type":"BRONZE"},{"url":"https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/86/2/1129.full.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/JVI.00306-11","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00306-11","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22090106","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3255860","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Viral Infections and Immunology Research","Animal Virus Infections Studies","Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology","Medicine","Biology","5' Untranslated Regions","Animals","Base Sequence","Ducks","Molecular Sequence Data","Nucleic Acid Conformation","Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational","Picornaviridae","Picornaviridae Infections","Poultry Diseases","RNA, Viral","Ribosomes"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Base Sequence","Ducks","Molecular Sequence Data","Nucleic Acid Conformation","Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational","Picornaviridae","Picornaviridae Infections","Poultry Diseases","Ribosomes","RNA, Viral","5' Untranslated Regions"],"keywords":["Internal ribosome entry site","Picornavirus","Biology","Virology","Untranslated region","Picornaviridae","Five prime untranslated region","Virus","Genetics","RNA","Molecular biology","Ribosome","Poliovirus","Gene"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[{"name":"gen"}],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-07T19:29:58.815413Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}