{"doi":"10.1128/jvi.00301-08","title":"Leader of the Capsid Protein in Feline Calicivirus Promotes Replication of Norwalk Virus in Cell Culture","abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The inability to grow human noroviruses in cell culture has greatly impeded the studies of their pathogenesis and immunity. Vesiviruses, in the family\n            <jats:italic>Caliciviridae</jats:italic>\n            , grow efficiently in cell culture and encode a unique protein in the subgenomic region designated as leader of the capsid protein (LC). We hypothesized that LC might be associated with the efficient replication of vesiviruses in cell culture and promote the replication of human norovirus in cells. To test this hypothesis, a recombinant plasmid was engineered in which the LC region of feline calicivirus (FCV) was placed under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter (pCI-LC) so that the LC protein could be provided in\n            <jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>\n            to replicating calicivirus genomes bearing a reporter gene. We constructed pNV-GFP, a recombinant plasmid containing a full-length NV genome with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the place of VP1. The transfection of pNV-GFP in MVA-T7-infected cells produced few GFP-positive cells detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. When pNV-GFP was cotransfected with pCI-LC in MVA-T7-infected cells, we observed an increase in the number of GFP-positive cells (ca. 3% of the whole-cell population). Using this cotransfection method with mutagenesis study, we identified potential\n            <jats:italic>cis</jats:italic>\n            -acting elements at the start of subgenomic RNA and the 3′ end of NV genome for the virus replication. We conclude that LC may be a viral factor which promotes the replication of NV in cells, which could provide a clue to growing the fastidious human noroviruses in cell culture.\n          </jats:p>","journal":"Journal of Virology","year":2008,"id":20553,"datarank":0.7400157423969107,"base_score":2.995732273553991,"endowment":2.995732273553991,"self_citation_contribution":0.4493598410330987,"citation_network_contribution":0.290655901363812,"self_endowment_contribution":0.4493598410330987,"citer_contribution":0.290655901363812,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":19,"citer_count":14,"citers_with_citation_signal":11,"citers_with_endowment":11,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":135452,"name":"David W. George","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":135453,"name":"John B. Patton","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":135454,"name":"Kim Y. Green","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":123763,"name":"Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":135451,"name":"Kyeong-Ok Chang","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":2.995732273553991,"endowment":2.995732273553991,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"18632864","pmcid":"PMC2546961","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W1970163992","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NCRR NIH HHS","grant_id":"P20 RR016443","title":null},{"funder_name":"NCRR NIH HHS","grant_id":"2 P20 RR016443-07","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":0.8321,"citation_percentile":0.71475594,"influential_citations":2,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":1},{"year":2013,"count":2},{"year":2015,"count":1},{"year":2016,"count":3},{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2021,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":3},{"year":2025,"count":1}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"https://journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2546961?pdf=render","host_type":"GREEN"},{"url":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/JVI.00301-08","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00301-08","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18632864","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2546961","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology","Animal Virus Infections Studies","Viral Infections and Immunology Research","Medicine","Biology","Animals","Calicivirus, Feline","Cell Line","Chlorocebus aethiops","Cricetinae","Genetic Techniques","Genome, Viral","Green Fluorescent Proteins","Humans","Microscopy, Fluorescence","Models, Genetic","Norwalk virus","Plasmids","Recombinant Proteins","Vero Cells"],"mesh_terms":["Animals","Cell Line","Chlorocebus aethiops","Genetic Techniques","Cricetinae","Humans","Microscopy, Fluorescence","Models, Genetic","Norwalk virus","Plasmids","Recombinant Proteins","Vero Cells","Genome, Viral","Calicivirus, Feline","Green Fluorescent Proteins"],"keywords":["Feline calicivirus","Capsid","Norwalk virus","Biology","Caliciviridae","Calicivirus","Virology","Viral replication","Virus","Parvoviridae","Cell culture","Parvovirus","Norovirus","Genetics"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Life in Land"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-06-05T23:09:15.370319Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}